Gender and age are important biological characteristics of Oratosquilla oratoria, and may affect the habitat distribution and the responses to crucial environmental factors. In order to study the role of these biological characteristics in influencing its spatial distribution and the relationships with environmental factors, we developed the BP neural network models to predict the distribution of O. oratoria based on the data collected from the Shandong offshore trawl survey in May 2017. The samples of O. oratoria were classified according to their gender and age, and the relative biomass of females/males and individuals of current/non-current year were used as the response variables in the model to compare the differences in spatial distribution and environmental adaptability of different genders and ages. The results showed that both female and male O. oratorias were mainly distributed in the coastal waters in spring. Meanwhile, the current-year individuals tended to be evenly distributed among survey stations, whereas the non-current individuals tended to concentrate nearshore. Longitude, surface temperature, surface salinity and water depth were selected as the key environmental factors that had important effects on relative biomass of O. oratorias, according to the stepwise selection method. The relative biomass of female O. oratorias is higher than that of male, within the longitude range of 120.5°E–121.5°E and within the range of high water salinity; meanwhile, relatively low temperature and water depth favored male more than female. At the same time, the non-current-year individuals were more suitable to the changes of key environmental factors. The current-year individuals were more suitable to the low longitude than the non-current-year individuals, but were poorly suited to higher longitude and shallow water depth. We compared the differences of spatial distribution among genders and ages, and analyzed the suitability of environmental factors and the impact of biological characteristics of O. oratorias, in order to provide references for the protection of O. oratorias habitat and the rational utilization of resources.