Sthenoteuthis oualaniensis has significant economic potential as a catchable species in the Northwest Indian Ocean. To study the spatial and temporal distribution of S. oualaniensis and its relationship with relevant environmental factors, we conducted fishing ground analyses, geostatistical interpolation, and generalized additive model analyses using sea surface temperature (SST), chlorophyll-a (Chl-a) concentration, and logbook data from January to March and August to December in 2017. Our results indicate that: (1) S. oualaniensis fishing grounds are mainly distributed around the oceanic front; (2) the centers of gravity of S. oualaniensis fishing grounds range from 13.6°N to 17.2°N and from 58.3°E to 62.2°E, with migration occurring towards the southwest from January to March, then towards the northeast from August to November, and then towards the southwest in December; (3) S. oualaniensis prefers SST between 25.5–27.0 ℃ and Chl-a concentration 0.2–0.4 mg/m; (4) the catch per unit effort (CPUE) of S. oualaniensis varies significantly during the year. Our study contributes to understanding S. oualaniensis stock distribution and can be further applied for sustainable management in the Northwest Indian Ocean.