Small pelagic fishes are an important fishery resource in the Pacific Ocean. Generally, they have the characteristics of a short life cycle, fast growth rate, and high clustering, etc. Their resources fluctuate significantly from year to year and are affected by climate-ocean changes. In this study, the characteristics of the key climate-oceanic indexes, such as El Niño/La Niña-Southern Oscillation (ENSO), Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO), Kuroshio-Oyashio (KR-OY) and their influence on habitat environment and fish resource variations were reviewed, focusing on six main small pelagic fishes, including saury (Cololabis saira), skipjack (Katsuwonus pelamis), chub mackerel (Scomber japonicus), anchovy (Engraulis japonicus), jack mackerel (Trachurus japonicus), and sardine (Sardina pilchardus). The climate-oceanic changes that directly influence migration distribution and resource abundance of small pelagic fishes and indirectly delay the influence on parental reproduction and spawning, larval and juvenile survival rate, and resource fluctuation were summarized. The review included the following suggestions:(1) the construction of a biomass dynamic model by adding parameters, such as population dynamic processes, fishing mode coefficients, and natural mortality rates based on several climate-ocean indexes to reveal the influence of climate-ocean change on fishery resource quantity; (2) analyzing the effects of large-scale ocean currents and mesoscale vortexes on small pelagic fish based on physical ocean models and spatially coupled hydrodynamics models, combined with other major north Pacific climates such as North Pacific Oscillation (NPO), North Pacific Gyre Oscillation (NPGO), and Arctic Oscillation (AO).