Recently, Oratosquilla oratoria (Crustacea) abundance and economic status have significantly increased in marine ecosystems, but the relationship between spatial distribution and environment factors is still unclear. To understand O. oratoria habitat distribution and the influence of the main environmental factors, the present study was carried out in 2016-2017 in the coastal waters of Shandong. Four surveys of the fishery resources and environmental factors were carried out, and the results were analyzed comparatively using generalized linear, generalized additive, and back propagation neural network models to determine the relationships between O. oratoria spatial distribution and environmental factors. The results indicated significant seasonal differences in O. oratoria density, with the highest density in summer, followed by spring and autumn, and the lowest in winter. O. oratoria density in the near shore was higher than that in the far shore, and it gradually increased from south to north. The model analysis showed that latitude, bottom-layer temperature, and bottom-layer salinity significantly affected O. oratoria density distribution. Among the three models, the generalized additive model was the best fit, and the back propagation neural network model had the best prediction accuracy. By comparing the results of the different models, this study revealed O. oratoria spatial distribution characteristics and key environmental factors affecting distribution, and provided theoretical support for rational O. oratoria fisheries development and utilization.