Species of the Carangidae family are important warm water and temperature marine economic fish. They are also a primary product of future deep-sea fishing and aquaculture development in China. However, as there are many species of Carangidae, and their related species are similar in morphology, traditional morphological identification methods have significant limitations. The accurate classification and identification of Carangidae species is a focus area of resource conservation and sustainable development and utilization. Therefore, research on the DNA barcoding of Trachinidae fish is scientifically significant and has economic value. To verify the applicability of DNA barcodes in the identification and classification of Carangidae, 17 sequences were collected from 7 species and 6 genera, and other valid sequences in Barcode of Life Data (BOLD) were screened. A total of 273 DNA barcode sequences of 95 species in 25 genera were obtained. Then the DNA barcode classification system for Carangidae was constructed by BLAST comparison, genetic distance calculation, and phylogenetic relationship analysis. Results indicated that: (1) The average genetic distance levels of three taxa, intergeneric, interspecific within genera, interspecific, and intraspecific of Carangidae were 0.186, 0.169, 0.090, and 0.008, respectively. The average genetic distance of the interspecific was 21 times that of the intraspecific. DNA barcoding is suitable for the classification and identification of Carangidae. (2) DNA barcode technology could identify species with incorrect morphological identifications, indicating that DNA barcodes can make up for the limitations of traditional morphological identification and accurately correct the morphological classification results of Carangidae. (3) DNA barcode analysis of Carangidae shows that there are still certain “homologous” and “heterologous” phenomena in BOLD. It is suggested that the information accuracy should be strictly evaluated when using the database information. (4) The phylogenetic analysis results of 95 species of Carangidae support the classification of Parona signata as Trachinotinae and provide new insights into the taxonomic status of this species. This study has enriched the DNA barcode database of Carangidae and provided molecular biological evidence for the species identification and systematic classification of Carangidae.