Widespread public concerns regarding the aquatic toxicity caused by with investigation of huge amount of related scientific research references, five aspects of toxic effects toward aquatic organisms by MNMs have been reviewed. Firstly, the effects on individual growth of aquatic organisms; secondly, the effects on the level of cell and tissue (including gill, liver and brain tissue); thirdly, the effects on the level of molecular and genetic (including DNA structure, mRNA and protein expression); fourthly, the effects and mechanism of reproductive toxicity; lastly, the effects on other , potential side effects of MNMs on aquatic organisms’ food chain were evaluated. Furthermore, we prospected the toxicology development direction of MNMs in aquatic environment with an aim to guide the related studies for domestic scholars.