The Chinese giant salamander () is an endangered amphibian in China and the largest salamander in the world. is endemic to rocky, fast-running mountain streams and lakes in China. The wild population is decreasing because of over-hunting and loss of habitat. This endemic species is currently listed in Annex I of CITES and Class II of the Protected Animals in China. Previous studies have reported that this species is carnivorous, and the larvae prey mainly on small aquatic animals, such as shrimp and aquatic insects, whereas adults prey on fish, frogs, and crabs. Macroinvertebrates are important groups in stream and river ecosystems. As most macroinvertebrates have a stationary life mode or a limited migration distance, the species and their numbers are important to access the environmental quality of a habitat. Thus, macroinvertebrate data are commonly used as water quality bioindicators. Field investigations were conducted during January 2013 and 2014 in five natural breeding caves (seven sampling sites) located in the Hunan Zhangjiajie Chinese Giant Salamander State Reserve. The objective was to use macroinvertebrates to assess the health of the habitat. A total of 117 macroinvertebrate taxa were identified in five phyla, eight classes, 16 orders, and 59 families during January 2013. Of them, 107 were aquatic insects, three were mollusks, two were crustaceans, and one each was Hirudinea, Turbellaria, and Nematoda. A mean of 27 macroinvertebrate taxa were collected over the 2 years of sampling. The maximum and minimum numbers collected were 33 and 15 in the water outlet of Qiyanquan Cave (S6) and the water outlet of Luozita Cave (S1), respectively. The density of macroinvertebrates ranged from 872.2 to 3511.1 ind/m² (average, 1747.6 ind/m²). Aquatic insects were the dominant group, and their relative abundance was 97.05%. Serratella sp., sp. were the most dominant taxa, and their relative abundances were 32.27%, 9.15%, 7.13%, 6.61%, 6.52%, and 5.45% of total density, respectively. The water quality bioassessment based on the Shannon-Wiener diversity and biotic index(BI) showed that S1, the water outlet of Wumuyu Cave (S3), and S6 had very good water quality, and that S1 and the water outlet of Bamaoxi Cave (S7) were slightly polluted. The dominant functional feeding groups were collectors-gatherers and predators, and all sites except S1 showed a -dominant macroinvertebrate curve. The macroinvertebrate population had been barely disturbed by humans compared with other sites. In conclusion, higher levels of macroinvertebrate biodiversity were found in most rivers near natural breeding caves during the larval outflow period in Zhangjiajie City, but food shortages were a risk for larvae in some rivers near natural breeding caves. These results suggest that the karst caves and macroinvertebrates should be protected.