Abstract:(Trichiuridae) has historically been challenging because of the morphological similarities between the species. As a result, Linnaeus, 1758 was recognized as a monotypic cosmopolitan species of Li, 1992, based on morphological differences in the skull patterns and dorsal fin coloration, i.e.supraoccipital bone with a hard knob and yellow dorsal fin respectively. Subsequently, Yamada et al. described with a yellow dorsal fin from the Ryukyu Islands and East China Sea coast of Kyushu, Japan. This species is very similar to , but shows some variation in the size of a pair of knobs on the supraoccipital crest. Accordingly, the yellow dorsal fin species of sp. 2 by Nakabo. There remains no molecular evidence that elucidates the genetic differences between . sp. 2 (sensu Nakabo, 2002). Thus, the phylogenetic relationship and taxonomic status of these two species remain unresolved. individuals collected from the coast of western Hainan Island (Baimajing, Yinggehai and Sanya), South China Sea, China The 16S rRNA genes were amplified using PCR techniques. Homologous sequences from .sp. 2 and closely-related species from previous studies were also included in the comparative analysis. Genetic information indexes, including base composition, sequence variation, and Kimura-2 parameter net genetic distance were examined. Phylogenetic analysis using neighbor-joining (NJ) and maximum-likelihood (ML) methods were conducted using There was evidence of insertion or deletion of base pairs in the 435 bp sequence alignment, with 63 variable sites, 48 parsimony informative sites, and 15 singleton sites. The net genetic distances between . sp. 2 (from Japan, eastern , and Indian Ocean) ranged from 0.000 to 0.006. These values were much lower than those found for interspecific 16S rRNA comparisons in some species of (0.037–0.061), and for intraspecies comparisons between populations of . sp. 2 did not form reciprocal monophyletic clades in the phylogenetic trees (NJ, ML), and the close relationship of the haplotypes of these two species was supported by high confidence levels (NJ 100%, ML 99%). These results indicated that the genetic distance between . sp. 2 (sensu Nakabo, 2002) from Japan should be classified as is widely distributed from the Indian Ocean to the western Pacific, and not merely limited to the South China Sea, Taiwan Strait, and Taiwan coastal waters. Based on coalescent estimates of divergence times among species, the origin and evolution of

Abstract:The artificial induction of gynogenesis is a form of chromosome manipulation that has several applications, including the rapid establishment of inbred lines or strains. The technique offers a high degree of homozygosity, sex-control, and accelerated elimination of recessive deleterious genes from a cultured population. We produced two meiotic gynogenetic Japanese flounder () family lines: meio-G1 (the first generation) and meio-G2 (the second generation). We evaluated the efficacy of artificial meiotic gynogenesis for producing pure inbred lines by quantifying the homozygosity and genetic similarity of meio-G1 and using microsatellite markers The average homozygosity among 15 loci was 0.124 7 for meio-G1 and 0.221 5 for meio-G2, which was higher than that in the natural mating family (0.091 7). The average similarity indices among individuals within meio-G1 and meio-G2 were 0.891 7 and 0.923 8, which were higher than within the natural mating family (0.5603). The average similarity in meio-G2 was slightly higher than in meio-G1. The observed heterozygosity in , were homozygous in meio-G1 and meio-G2. Our results suggest that artificially induced meiotic gynogenesis is an efficient method for inbreeding to purify the genome, increase genetic similarity, and c traits in the Japanese flounder. The meiogynogenetic families cultured in our study may be used in further selective breeding research.

Abstract:receptors (GHS-Rs) are endogenous receptors for growth hormone secretion (ghrelin) that belong to the G-protein-coupled receptor family. GHS-Rs play a role in regulating animal growth and energy homeostasis. GHS-R is a candidate quantitative trait loci related to obesity and growth in mammals. We used RT-PCR and PCR to isolate two. The open reading frames of encode 360 amino acids that share 96% identity. In addition, there are transcription variants, an alternatively spliced 191 bp fragment from 490 nt to 680 nt in ORF with GT-AG at both ends. These transcripts led to a premature termination of translation, encoding 184 aa, and only contained three and a half transmembrane regions, which differs from the reported intron retaining variants among tilapia. The ORF of was separated by one intron, locating between the first and second base of A260 coden. The introns of were 676 bp and 885 bp in length, respectively. We found 32 SNPs on two population using alignment sequences from different individuals. We then genotyped 9 SNPs using PCR-RFLP. We encountered each genotype in 322 individuals, but there was an obvious bias in the distribution. The sites were significantly associated with juvenile and adult fish weight gain (<0.05, respectively). Individuals with CC and GG genotypes grew faster than other individuals. In addition, a further five sites were correlated with weight gain at certain stages or sex. To determine the applicability of the markers obtained in this experiment, we tested 610 individuals from seven additional families using four markers. The sites remained significantly correlated with weight gain. Therefore, these two sites can be used as references for the molecular breeding of .

Abstract:We identified 84 different encoding sequences of the MHC gene within 210 clones from 13 resistant and 30 susceptible individuals for the “whole white” color pattern of using the specific primer pair DABF and DABR. The sequences were classified into 13 alleles and represented novel genes for this species. We identified a total of 267 and 130 nucleotide and amino acid variable sites, respectively. They exhibited high variable percentages (42.79% and 62.50%).The 624 bp-long nucleotide fragment included a 24 bp exon1, 276 bp exon2, 282 bp exon3, and 42 bp exon4, which encoded partial signal peptide, β1 domain, β2 domain, and partial transmembrane, respectively. The β1 domain possessed a greater number of variable sites than the β2 domain. We identified 150 nucleotide (54.35%) and 72 amino acid (78.26%) variable sites in the 276 bp β1 domain. In contrast, we only found 105 (37.23%) nucleotide and 54 (54.75%) amino acid variable sites in the 282 bp β2 domain. We observed 22 variable sites within 24 peptide binding residues (PBR) of the β1 domain. The ) were 1.366 for PBR, 0.992 for non-PBR in the β1 domain, and 0.792 for the β2 domain, implying that positive selection pressure was exerted on the β1 domain of MHC class II B gene of the “Whole white” color pattern of Cyca-DAB3*09 in the resistant individuals (7.81%) than in the susceptible individuals (1.37%, was only found in the resistant individuals (3.13% of all individuals). Conversely, were only observed in susceptible individuals. Our results may be used to guide anti-resistant breeding selection for the “Whole white” color pattern of.

Abstract:Clarius fuscus using RT-PCR and RACE. The cDNA was 2 347 bp with a 219 bp 5′UTR, a 596 bp 3′UTR (excluding poly (A)), and a 1 503 bp ORF, which encoded 500 amino acids and had a predicted mol wt of 56.388 kD. Sequence and phylogenetic analyses indicated that the Pelteobagrus fulvidraco, Carassius auratus, . In contrast, there was low sequence identity (<62%) with Cyp19a1b subfamily.This is consistent with the classification based on traditional morphology and biochemistry. mRNA was expressed primarily in the forebrain, hypothalamus, and pituitary, and to a lesser extent in the liver, testis and ovary. We observed differences in the level of expression in brain between males and females ( was expressed prior to sex differentiation in , but there was no difference in the level of expression between prior and post to sex differentiation (12cyp19a1b is not directly involved in mediating sex differentiation in , but may play an indirect role by acting on the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis.

Abstract:in Dongjiang River, Guangdong Province were investigated by analyzing optical macrozones in scales, pelvic fin spines, preopercular bones, vertebrae and sagittae from fish sampled during 2010, and were compared with cultured populations. The annual rings in wild individuals were clearer and of higher contrast than those in cultured individuals. the analyzed materials suggested that annual rings are formed each year during . The presence of various with reproductive activities of the fish. The annual rings in the sagittae were clearer and more regular than those in other materials examined. Because of the presence of pseudoannuli, the annual rings in the preopercular bone and scales were more difficult to analyze than in other materials. Thus, the suitability of material for analysis of age in were ranked: sagitta > vertebra > sectioned ventral fin spine > preopercular bone

Abstract:We compared the nutritional composition and muscle quality of a new, selectively bred strain of , “Youlu No.1” with a non-selected population (control). The moisture, crude protein, crude fat, crude ash content of “Youlu No.1” with the control were 73.63% and 74.35%, 19.34% and 19.42%, 4.45% and 4.67%, 1.09% and 1.12%, . The muscle moisture and crude fat content were lower in “Youlu No.1” than in the controls but there was no difference in crude protein and crude ash content. The muscle tissue levels of calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), iron (Fe), zinc (Zn) and selenium (Se) were 428.34 and 424.57 mg/kg, 252.63 and 259.77 mg/kg, 6.92 and 5.76 mg/kg, 7.73 and 5.77 mg/kg, 0.40 and 0.41 mg/kg in the “Youlu No.1” and the control groups, respectively. Fe and Zn were significantly higher in “Youlu No.1” than in the control (<0.05), but there was no difference between the groups for the remaining elements. There was no difference in the muscle amino acid profile among the two groups. Total amino acid (TAA), essential amino acid (EAA), and delicious amino acid (DAA) content was 18.10 and 17.17 mg/100 g, 9.46 and 8.72 mg/100 g, 8.00 and 7.80 mg/100 g for the two groups. Based on a nutritional evaluation that incorporated the amino acid score (AAS) and chemical score (CS), methionine + cystine (Met+Cys) was identified as the first limiting amino acid. We found 28monounsaturated fatty acid, and polyunsaturated fatty acid content was 13.96 and 14.68 g/kg, 13.66 and 14.72 g/kg, 16.37 and 16.58 g/kg, respectively. The saturated fatty acid/unsaturated fatty acid (SFA/UFA) ratio was 0.47. In summary, “Youlu No.1” had higher muscle moisture, crude fat, iron, and zinc content than the control group, and there were no significant differences in the composition and other nutrients of muscle between the two groups.

Abstract:Oreochromis niloticus(NEW GIFTS) and their hybrid F1 and F2 generations. Groups of 10 juveniles (10 to 14 g) of each species/hybrid generation were reared in freshwater then subjected to a gradual increase in salinity (8/d) until all fish died. Control fish were held in fresh water. and the fish were fed daily. The median lethal salinity (MLS) was 125.78±1.66, 54.22±2.51, 77.33±1.89, and 73.73±1.32 for , F1, and F2, respectively. The mean cumulative survival (CS) and MLS were significantly higher in and the F1 and F2 hybrids. Similarly, the CS and MLS were significantly higher in the F1 and F2 groups than in but there was no significant difference between the F1 and F2 groups (>0.05).

Abstract:Dietary lipids play an important role in fish nutrition as a source of energy, essential fatty acids, that are needed to maintain the biological structure and normal function of cell membranes. A number of studies have shown that increasing the proportion of lipid in fish feed reduces the need for protein and results in improved growth, feed conversion efficiency, and palatability, and reduces environmental pollution from the feed and its metabolites. However, little is known about the . Our objective was to determine the optimal dietary lipid requirement of advanced We randomly assigned fish (= =15 fish/replicate). Each group was fed a diet containing either 0 (control group), 3%, 6, 9%, 12%, or 15% fish oil for 8 weeks 2.70%, 6.11%, 8.04%, 11.13%, and 14.85%, respectively). We measured growth, lipid deposition, serum biochemical indexes, and lipid metabolism enzyme activities at the end of the trial. Weight gain rate (WGR), specific growth rate (SGR), and protein efficiency ratio (PER) initially increased with increasing lipid concentrations but then decreased. Conversely, the feed conversation ratio (FCR) first decreased then increased. Using second order regression analysis, we estimated that the optimal level of dietary lipid to promote WGR, FCR, and PER was 8.86%, 9.75% and 9.40%, respectively. An increase in dietary lipid levels was associated with a significant increase in the hepatosomatic0.05). Scholesterol (TCHO) and triglyceride (TG) levels first increased then decreased as the level of dietary lipid increased. High density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) contentBroken-line regression analysis of the HDL-C content against dietary lipid level indicated that the dietary lipid requirement for optimal HDL-C content was 8.30%. Alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) activity were highest in the group fed 11.13% dietary lipid and lowest in the group fed 6.11% dietary lipid. Intestine lipase, lipoprotein lipase (LPL), hepatic lipase (HL) and total lipase (TL) activity tended to first increase and then decrease as the level of dietary lipid increased. Conversely, fatty acid synthase (FAS) activity decreased significantly . Our comprehensive analysis of growth performance, body composition, serum biochemical indexes, and lipid metabolism enzyme activity suggests that the optimal level of dietary lipid for advanced juvenile is between 8.30%−9.75%.

Abstract:We evaluated the effects of starvation and subsequent re-feeding on the structure of digestive system in . We documented changes in morphological and histological structure by observation of paraffin-sectioned gut tissue. Groups of fish (mean weight 26.02±0.30 g) were starved for 5 (S5), 10 days. A control group was fed as normal. All fish were held at at (19±1) and 32±1 salinity. We observed changes in the morphological structure of individuals in groups . The gastric volume decreased and the gastric wall thinned; the tube wall of the intestine was thinner and transparent while the mesentery was shrunken. The hepatopancreas was atrophied and its color changed from pink to deep yellow. The changes in structure were more evident in groups S10. The height of the epithelial cells, gastric gland cells, and the secretory granules in the stomach all decreased and the cell boundary became blurred. There was a decrease in the height of the epithelial cells and the rugae in the intestine. The striated border also decreased in height, and was even absent in some individuals. We observed an increase in the number of goblet cells, the hepatic tissue was compacted, and there was a decrease in lipid volume and the number of secretory granules in hepatic cells, while the cell boundary become blurred. We observed some degree of recovery following resumption of feeding. Our results suggest that are able to tolerate 5–10 d starvation, beyond which irreparable damage is likely to occur to the histological structures of the digestive system.

Abstract:Growth models are important components of population biology study and are generally essential to adequately assess the impact of fishery. Given a specific functional form, the appropriate estimation of growth parameters depends on the error structure assumed for the data. For example, if variability in size is constant as a function of age, an additive error structure is suitable. However, if the variability in size increases with age, a multiplicative error or variance modeling is appropriate. Variance heterogeneity will typically not influence the parameter estimates significantly, but if ignored it may result in severely misleading the standard error and prediction intervals. The four parameters model formulated by Schnute contains a number of specific growth models that can be used to explain the pattern of growth in small yellow croaker(). We used data transformation and variance modeling to investigate the effect of assuming a different error structure in the model. We used data from stow net surveys conducted between May–September in 2007–2008 and from bottom trawls conducted in the northern region of the East China Sea between October–April in 2007–2009. We used the likelihood ratio test ( distribution) and Akaike’s Information Criterion to quantitatively compare the fit of nested submodels. Error structure had a significant effect on the fitted models. The estimated parameter values for the lognormal error, power variance. Furthermore, relatively small standard errors and narrow confidence intervals suggest that the integration of variance structure in the growth models is more accurate and robust than in the additive models. The log-transforma­tion models and variance structure models fit the data better than the additive models. The funneling observed in the plots of deviance residuals against age for the additive models was reduced in the corresponding plots for the lognormal error and variance structure models. The power variance and exponential variance models yielded significantly different estimates than the additive models

Abstract:to determine the effects of nutrient supply on nitrogen and phosphorus uptake and macroalgae growth. All the three macroalgae responded rapidly to changes in the supply of nitrogen and phosphorus. The uptake curves yielded a first-order kinetic equation. At 50 μmol/L nitrogen, exhibited maximum uptake rates of 0.739 μmol/(g·h) and 0.648 μmol/(g·h) respectively. At 20 μmol/L nitrogen, exhibited a maximum uptake rate of 0.614 μmol/(g·h). At a level of 1.0 μmol/L phosphorus, exhibited maximum uptake rates of 0.015 μmol/(g·h) and 0.018 μmol/(g·h), respectively. At 0.7 μmol/L phosphorus, exhibited a maximum uptake rate of 0.016 μmol/(g·h). Our results suggest that is more efficient at removing nitrogen and phosphorus than the other two species. The greatest increase in wet weight occurred in . Changes in the supply of nitrogen had a stronger influence than changes in phosphorus on the growth of .

Abstract:We constructed mass-balance models for the Wuli Lake ecosystem for 2006 and 2009 using Ecopath model. Using these models, we compared changes in ecosystem structure and energy flow before and after implement of the Aquatic Environment Improve Oriented (AEIO) fishery in Wuli Lake. The models included 17 functional groups covering the main trophic flow of the Wuli Lake ecosystem. These functional groups included large culters, other piscivores, Tapertail anchovy, common carp, Crucian carp, Bighead carp, other wild miscellaneous fishes, Silver carp, herbivorous fishes, macrocrustaceans, molluscs, other benthos, zooplanktons, submerged macrophytes, other macrophytes, phytoplanktons, and detritus. The scale of the Wuli Lake ecosystem expanded following enhancement of biological filter-feeding fish and shellfish. The development degree of the ecosystem was increased, as was the efficiency of energy transfer between trophic level. There was an expansion in niche overlap between filter-feeding fish and shellfish and the other functional groups. The relationship among the function groups strengthened between 2006 and 2009, but the ecosystem was at a developmental stage. The rate of material flow and material recycling has decreased.

Abstract:residual levels, distribution, and composition of dichloro-diphenyl-trichloroethane (cultured shellfish along the Fujian coast, China. In addition, we evaluated the risk posed by We collected 20 samples of surface sediment and 46 samples of cultured shellfish from 20 sites in August 2005 and 2006. We measured the residual DDT to 56.6 µg/kg (net weight, mean µg/kg) in the surface sediment. Forty percent of samples’ pollution indexes for the DDTs was between 0.697 and 2.83, which suggested there was a potential ecological risk for DDTs pollution on some extent. µg/kg to 21.7 Maximum Residual Limits published by the European Community, USA, and Japan, and met the sea food safety index set by the Chinese government. Assuming a person ingested a maximum of 50 g/(person·day) cultured shellfish, their intake of DDT would be well below the TDI regulated by WHO and RfD and suggested by US EPA, indicating that the health risk arising from exposure to DDTs is low. were within the middle of the range reported incompared with those reported in water within the Asia-Pacific region. The relative composition of DDT isomers suggested that there has been input into this area in recent years.

Abstract:We evaluated the biodiversity and community structure of the macrobenthos in Sandu Bay, China. In addition, we evaluated the response of the macrobenthos to mariculture practices. This bay is typical of many areas of China’s coastline, and is characterized by high density mariculture. We collected samples from 20 sites during nine cruises between May 2009 and February 2010. The Shannon-Wiener index of the macrobenthos in Sandu Bay ranged from 1.45 to 3.22 (mean: 2.40). The Margalef richness index varied from 0.99 to 2.41 (mean: 1.68). The Pielou evenness index changed within the variation from 0.76 to 0.93 (mean: 0.88). The Shannon-Wiener index and Margalef richness index were generally much higher at control sites or sites near the mouth of the bay. A total of five macrobenthic groups were identified at an arbitrary similarity level of 30%, based on samples collected in August in Sandu Bay. The community structure was similar at neighboring sites or at sites with similar mariculture operations. ABC curve analysis suggested that the macrofaunal communities were disturbed in May and August, but not in February and November. Of the environmental variables we measured, dissolved oxygen levels at the surface and sea-bed, acid volatile sulfide content, and sediment oxidizing redox potential were most closely related to the structure of the macrobenthic assemblage (<0.01).

Abstract:We developed a fluorescent real-time quantitative RT-PCR method to evaluate the pattern ofmRNA expression in response to the bacterial infection in the oyster (Vibrio alginolyticus, and measured gene expression in six tissues (mantle, gills, digestive gland, muscle, heart and ). We measured the accumulation and distribution of mRNA expression was gene expression increased significantly at in the gill. Similarly, levels peaked at 6 h in the digestive gland then remained high until 24 h, after which they decreased rapidly to control levels. mRNA expression was ~10 fold higher in the haemocytes than the control after 3 h, and the expression evels (~15 fold higher than the control). The was ~2.5 fold higher in the remaining tissues than in the control. though levels had declined by 6 h. The accumulation of bacteria in the muscle increased at 12 h and remained high up to 72 h. concentration was time-dependent in the digestive gland whereas the bacteria correlation between mRNA expression and the concentration of bacteria, most obvious in the digestive gland.Our results suggest that bacterial challenge induces the up-regulation of mRNA expression and suggests that HSC70 plays an important role in protecting the oyster against the bacterial pathogen.

Abstract:We used native-PAGE and virus overlay protein binding assay (VOPBA) to identify binding proteins for lymphocystis disease virus in flounder() gill cells(FG). We isolated a 135 kD putative LCDV binding protein molecule. SDS-PAGE and two-dimensional (2-D) gel electrophoresis analysis of this molecule indicated it consisted of three proteins with molecular weights of 37.6 kD polypeptide was able to bind to LCDV.

Abstract:fed 0 mg/kg (control, CK), 15 mg/kg (low dose, LD), 30 mg/kg (mid dose, MD) and 60 mg/kg (high dose, HD) norfloxacin (NFLX) for 7 d.hange in gill and serum ethoxycoumarin-O-deethylase (ECOD), aminopyrine N-demethylase (APND), and glutathione-S-transferases (GST) activity at 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, 24, or 48 h after the last oral administration=20 shrimp/tank) at salinity of 25.1±0.7, (22.0±1.0)°C and pH 8.1±0.6. At each time point we randomly selected eight shrimp from each replicate. The shrimp were immedi-Gill and serum GST activity was inhibited by NFLX. GST activity was 12.01 UmL after 4 h in the gill of the MD group and was only 8.87% the level in the CK group. Serum GST activity was 3.99-fold higher in the CK group than in the LD group after 24 h (<0.05). APND and ECOD decreased initially then increased and activity was significantly lower in all treatment groups at all times relative to the controls. Higher concentrations of NFLX were associated with increased inhibition of APND and ECOD.

Abstract:Risk analysis can be used to guide decision-making processes to prevent the spread and outbreaks of disease. We documented the risk factors for Grass Carp Hemorrhage (GCH) by analyzing epidemic data and epidemiological investigations. Using this information, we constructed a model to estimate the risk of GCH outbreak. The model included a risk index system, established using an analytical hierarchy process (AHP), risk weightings, determined using the Delphi method, and risk results, expressed using the synthetic evaluation method. The risk index system included 9 guidelines (B1–B9) and 26 risk hazard factors (C1–C26). The guidelines included: B1 fry, B2 immunity, B3 water quality, B4 rearing density, B5 water temperature, B6 feed and management, B7 outbreak history, B8 weather, and B9 pond status relative to guidelines. The primary risk hazard factors included: C1 fry bringing virus or not, C4 fry accepting vaccine or not, C6 health status when immunized, C13 rearing density, C14 water temperature, C19 outbreak history of GCH. The risk weights set for the nine guidelines were ={0.167, 0.202, 0.124, 0.109, 0.101, 0.097, 0.092, 0.081, 0.064}. The highest weightings were applied to B2 and B1. We conducted a synthetic evaluation to calculate the risk value using the following model: . We used this model to assess the level of risk in three areas, Central China, Southwest and Southern China. Our results suggest that the risk of outbreak was lowest in Southern China (0.568) and higher in the other two locations (Central China: 0.699, Southwest China: 0.690).