Abstract:Sexual maturity is a critical step to breakthrough of controlled reproduction of cultured Chinese sturgeon(). The suitable breeding management strategy will be beneficial to promoting the maturation progress of cultured Chinese sturgeon and to synchronous spawning of female and male. In this study, we observed the gonadal development of 250 cultured Chinese sturgeon (ages: 12–15 years old, total length: 175–286 cm, body weight: 34.6–125.3 kg) under different water temperature profiles(natural water temperature or near-formula feed, live fish or iced fish+formula feed, live fish or iced fishThe result showed that gonadal development could reach stage III under natural water temperature or a near-The gonadal development could reach stage III or IV in Chinese sturgeons fed with different types of diets, however the feed added live or iced fish is better for development from stage II to IV than the feeds with only single source. Controlled propagation was then successfully conducted with one female (12 years old with 57 kg body weight) and one male(14 years old with 64 kg body weight). A total of 62 500 eggs and 2 850 mL milt were obtained and 23 000 hatching-out The average fertilized rate was 60.1% with the range from 36.3% to 80.4%. The elementary research on breeding regulations of brood stocks will contribute to further large-scale production of cultured Chinese sturgeon.

Abstract:) genes from spotted halibut ()by isolating their cDNAs. This species expressed three molecular forms of GnRH in the brain: chicken type GnRH-), seabream type GnRH (sbGnRH), and salmon type GnRH (sGnRH). Each cDNA encoded a signal peptide(SP), GnRH, and a GnRH-associated peptide(GAP), which was connected to GnRH by a Gly–Lys–Arg sequence. consisted of 85 amino acid residues, and the cDNA was 568 bp in length, consisting of a 141 bp 5′UTR, a 255 bp open reading frame (ORF), and a 169 bp 3′UTR. The sGnRH consisted of 90 amino acid residues and was 457 bp in length. It consisted of a 41 bp 5′UTR, a 270 bp ORF, and a 143 bp 3′UTR. The sbGnRH precursor consisted of 98 amino acid residues, and the cDNA was 381 bp in length and consisted of a 48 bp 5′UTR, a 294 bp ORF, and a 36 bp 3′UTR. Homology analysis of the deduced acid residues of the GnRH precursors revealed that the three spotted halibut genes had the highest identity with homologs from pleuronectiformes, followed by perciformes, salmoniformes, and anguilliformes. Phylogenetic analysis indicated that the multiple molecular forms of spotted halibut GnRHs shared the closest evolutionary relationship with counterparts from pleuronectiformes. The tissue and sex specific expression of these three genes was determined using real time PCR. Expression was highest was detected exclusively in the brain whereas sbGnRH was expressed globally in both sexes. sGnRH was detected in the pituitary and gonad (in addition to the brain tissue) in females, but not in the gonad of males. The expression pattern of all three genes was sex-specific with females having higher mRNA levels than males. We evaluated the changes in mRNA expression in the female brain during ovary maturation. mRNA levels increased significantly (<0.05) after August (vitellogenic stage), peaked in December (prespawning stage) 2009, and then decreased by April 2010 (postspawning stage). Conversely, there was no change in either Our results confirmed that spotted halibut expressed three GnRH isoforms and sbGnRH may be the most important form. Our observations provide insight into the endocrine control of reproduction in the spotted halibut.

Abstract:Ctenopharyngodon idella). The full-length cDNA was successfully cloned by RT-PCR and rapid amplification of cDNA ends (RACE). The full-length cDNA was 916 bp, consisting of a 735 bp open reading frame (ORF) encoding 244 amino acids, a 89 bp 5′untranslated region (5′ UTR), and a 92 bp 3′ untranslated region (3′ UTR). The molecular weight of this mature peptide was estimated to be 26 162.5U. Multiple alignment analysis revealed that grass carp C1qC shares the highest identity with zebrafish C1qC (71%). We constructed a phylogenetic tree using the neighbor-Joining (NJ) method. Grass carp were grouped most closely with zebrafish ( was significantly up-regulated in most tissues following challenge with grass carp reovirus (GCRV). The expression of expression differed during the various stages of embryonic development. Our results suggest that plays an important role in early embryonic development and in the response to GCRV-related diseases in grass carp. Our result provide a basis for further evaluation of the role of grass carp in immune function.

Abstract:llerian hormone (AMH), also known as Mllerian inhibiting substance (MIS), is a glycoprotein belonging to the transforming growth factor superfamily, which plays a major role during reproductive development in . The open reading frame (ORF) of this gene spans a region of 1 563 bp and codes 520 amino acids. ooth tongue-sole and mRNA expression in 14 tissues of the half-smooth tongue-sole. Expression level was highest in male and neo-male gonads, followed by the blood, skin, and brain. Furthermore, in contrast with normal offspringthe gonad of male and neo-male non-normal offspring exhibited an increased in expression, but there was no change in females. This suggests thatgene is required for sex reversal.

Abstract:We detected the genetic sex and the occurrence of sex reversal in eight normal families and their male parents in the half-smooth tongue sole ( Günther) using the SSR female-specific marker scaffold 1128_343 and a gonad slice. The proportion of females in eight normal families (28, 30, 38, 39, 40, 44, 57, and 69) ranged from 37.93 to 55.00%. The genetic sex of four of the eight normal families (28, 39, 44, 57) was detected twice, and the proportion of femalesdid not exibit significant difference between two tests (>0.05). We detected both the genetic sex and physiological sex in four of the eight normal families (28, 39, 44, and 57) and in all the male parents. The proportion of physiological females ranged from 18.75%−46.88% among the four families, and was lower than the proportion of genetic females. Our results suggest there are inter-family differences in the proportion of females undergoing sex-reversal. The present study also suggests that a significant number of male parent fishes (28.42%) are neo-males. Our results suggest that sex reversal is a natural phenomenon in the half-smooth tongue sole breeding population. Furthermore, we reveal the pedigrees of different physiological spawner ratio have significant differences. Our observations provide a theoretical basis for developing methods to culturing families that have a high proportion of female larvae.

Abstract:, from the hepatopancreas transcriptome library of was 5 112 bp with an open reading frame of 3 561 bp that encodes 1 186 amino acids. PmRelish protein exhibits the typical architecture of Rel/NF-κB family members, including a conserved N-terminal Rel homology domain (RHD), a nucleus localization signal, six C-terminal ankyrin repeats, and a death domain, suggesting that it belongs to the class I NF- mRNA was constitutively expressed in all detected tissues, with the highest expression in the hemocytes. Using real time PCR, we analyzed the mRNA expression profile of following challenge with a variety of stimuli. The results show that Vibrio vulnificus, Staphylococcus aureus, and WSSV, and significantly up-regulated by . In addition, we confirmed that viral nucleic acid analogue poly(I:C) and R484 activate the expression of gene plays an important role in the immunity of tiger shrimp, and is directly or indirectly involved in the immune response against bacteria and viruses.

Abstract:to code A vitrifying solution and vitrification cryopreservation at four stages of embryonic development. Resistance to the vitrifying solution varied during embryonic development, being lowest among cleavage stage embryos (2060 min). Embryo survival decreased as the equilibration time in code A vitrifying solution increased. The survival of pre-nauplius stage embryos was not different when embryos were equilibrated for 40 min in code A vitrifying solution then eluted for 5, 10, 15, or 20 min using 0.25 mol/L sucrose. We measured survival of pre-nauplius stage embryos that were equilibrated for 40 min in code A vitrifying solution, frozen for 40 min at , then thawed rapidly and eluted for 10 min with sucrose. Eight embryos (this process, but died on 4 d after undergoing the freeze/thaw treatment. The experiment was repeated using protozoea stage embryos, although each embryo was only frozen for 35 min at % survived and one embryo hatched on the sixth day post freeze/thaw. This individual died 1 d after hatch.

Abstract:As in all other lower vertebrates, sex differentiation in fish is susceptible to environmental and steroidogenic stimulation or inhibition. Alteration of the sex differentiation process is possible in many fishes through the manipulation of the environment and steroid function. Some chemicals, which have androgenic or estrogenic function, are known to alter the gonadal sex in fish from female to male or vice versa if administered during the period of gonadal sex differentiation. Other than direct androgenic or estrogenic effects, there are chemicals which are capable of disrupting the enzymatic pathway of natural androgenic-estrogenic balance in fish. Among the non-steroidal aromatase inhibitors (AI), letrozole is typically used as an effective human drug in the treatment of estrogen-dependent disease, including breast cancer, and was found to be effective in suppression of all estrogens after oral administration. )]. Gonadal development was observed histologically using a microscope, and the expression of CYP19A and CYP19A was expressed in female, and A quantitative real-time PCR analysis revealed that the expression of the gene in female was significantly inhibited after treatment with LE. Though expression of was higher at 22 days post hatch (dph) than at 9 dph, it was only 2.11 the level of the control female. gene expression was up-regulated gradually in LE treated female fry during sex differentiation, and reached the same level as control males at 150 dph. In LE treated female fry, degeneration of the ovarian cavity and primary spermatocytes were observed in sections of the gonad. The functional testes were developed at 150 dph. Our research demonstrates that aromatase activity is necessary for ovarian formation and development during sex differentiation in T. obscures during sex differentiation.

Abstract:We evaluated the effects of feeding, starvation, and re-feeding on the number of mucous cells in the intestinal mucosa in juvenile southern catfish (). The total number of mucous cells tended to decrease throughout all intestinal segments in the S0d-64h group, but the decrease was only significant in the proximal intestinal segment<0.05). The number of type II cells decreased significantly in both the mid intestinal segment and the distal intestinal segment (<0.05), whereas the number of type III cells increased significantly in the mid intestinal segment (<0.05). Feeding induces secretion from the mucous cells, resulting in more mucous in the intestinal lumen and vesicles of the mucous cells. There was no significant change in the total number of mucous cells across all intestinal segments, but there were type-specific changes in the number of mucous cells. There was a significant decrease in the number of type I cells and a significant increase in the number of type III cells in the proximal and mid intestinal segments in both the 16 day starvation group and post-refeeding 64 hour group. Conversely, there was an increase in the number of type II cells and a decrease in type IV cells in the mid intestinal segment in the 32 day starvation group and the postfeeding 64 hour group. There was no change in any of the mucosal cell types in the distal intestinal segment following starvation and refeeding. Our results suggest that feeding has an effect on the number of intestinal mucous cells in southern catfish. The segment specific regulation of mucous cells is likely correlated to the differing functions of each segment. The regulation of different types of mucous cells in both the proximal and mid intestinal segments may be a protective adaptation to low food availability.

Abstract:Crustacean hyperglycemic hormone (CHH) is a neuropeptide hormone that is secreted by a subset of cells in the X-organ of the eyestalk. CHH plays a role in the regulation of ions and energy metabolism, molting, reproduction, and other important physiological processes in crustaceans. The gene has been cloned in a variety of crustacean species, owever, little is known about the pattern of expression in different tissues. We cloned the full-length Macrobrachium nipponense and used quantitative real-time PCR to detect the expression of gene, containing a 241 bp 5′-untranslated region (UTR), a 355 bp 3′UTR, and 408 bp open reading flame (ORF). The ORF encoded a 135 amino acid CHH precursor polypeptide. The mature peptide contained six conserved Cys residues in the CHH family. The C-terminus mature peptide was GK, which has the same characteristics as ES-CHH. Based on protein similarity comparison, the separated gene was classified into the type I CHH family of peptides. Phylo­genetic tree analysis revealed that oriental river prawn CHH was most closely related to that of gene was expressed in all tissues tested in oriental river prawn. Expression was significantly higher in the eyestalk and testis than in the ovary (500 and 250 higher, respectively). gene expression was very high in the intestine and ventral nerve cord, but very low in the ovary, liver, brain, and heart. The pattern of expression suggests that the CHH peptide plays a role in male reproduction. Our results provide insight into the role of CHH peptide in the oriental river prawn, and further our understanding of the

Abstract:Oncorhynchus keta) in the Amur and Ussuri Rivers. We collected 571 homing Chum salmon in 2010 and 2011. Using a logistic growth function, we simulated the growth of Chum salmon and estimated the speed and additive rate of growth. Chum salmon grows faster before the age 3, after which the rate of growth declines. In Chum salmon that migrate upstream at the age of 3⁺, the highest rate of growth occurred at age 1.372 and 1.492 for male and female individuals, respectively. The lowest additive rate of growth occurred at age 2.674 and 2.823, which corresponds to the beginning of maturation. The total fork length at which 50% of male and female individuals reach sexual maturity () was estimated using a logistic moderating function, and was 46.19 cm for males and 47.95 cm for females. The corresponding age was 2.00 and 2.15, respectively. ARSS analysis revealed a significant difference between male and female individuals. appears to be a useful indicator of population health for the fishery resource management. The positive correlation between GSI, absolute fecundity, and fork length was significant for female Chum salmon from Amur River. Conversely, we observed a significant passive correlation between these variables for male individuals. The regression function was as follows:=0.423)<0.05). The GSI of Chum salmon from Amur River was higher than that for Ussuri River stocks.nsynchronization of gonad development resulted in a non-significant correlation between GSI and fork length.

Abstract:We evaluated the effects of dietary lipid levels on serum biochemistry indices, immunity, and antioxidant function in . Juvenile fish (average initial body weight: 27.56±0.19 g) were randomly divided into 5 groups and fed diets containing different levels of lipid (from fish meal) for 60 d: diet A (6.1%), diet B (9.5%), diet C (12.4%), diet D (15.1%), or diet E (18.5)tended to increase with increasing dietary lipid levels. HDL-C levels were highest in the fish fed diet E and were significantly higher than in fish fed diets A–C (<0. 05). also tended to increase at first but then decreased at higher dietary lipid levels. The LDL-C content was significantly higher in fish fed diet C than those fed diets D and E (<0. 05). TG and CHO content tended to e as dietary lipid levels increased. TG and CHO content were significantly lower in fish fed diets D and E than in those fed diets A-C (<0. 05). Diet had no effect on 0. 05). content tended to increase then decrease with increasing dietary lipid levels. IgM levels were significantly higher in fish fed diet C levels increased then decreased with increasing dietary lipid levels and were significantly higher in fish fed diet C than those fed with increasing dietary lipid levels. Enzyme activity was highest in fish fed diet C than all other groups. The liver MDA contentincreased with increasing dietary lipid levels and was higher in Last, serum CAT activity tended to increase but there was no difference among the groups (>0. 05).is reflected by changes in serum biochemistry. Our data suggest the optimal dietary lipid levels (12.4%)are associated with improved immunity and antioxidant function.

Abstract:activity in . The fish (mean weight 5.40±0.16 g) were assigned to one of six treatment groups (triplicate, =20 fish/replicate) and fed one of six isonitrogenous diets containing 2.71%8.23%14.39%16.91% lipid for 60 d. Increases in the dietary lipid level were associated with a significant increase in the hepatosomatic and viscerosomatic indexes (<0.05). Condition factor was highest in the group fed 8.23% lipid, and was significantly higher than the<0.05). There was a significant increase in fat deposition in the whole body and liver as the level of dietary lipid increased. The whole body lipid content was highest in the group fed 14.39% lipid whereas liver lipid was highest in the group fed 16.91% lipid Dietary lipid had a significant effect on lipid metabolic enzymes (<0.05). Lipoprotein lipase, HL, and the general esterase all increased with an increase in dietary lipid levels. The levels were significantly higher in the group fed 16.91% lipid than in the groups fed tended to decrease with increasing dietary lipid levels. Levels were significantly higher in the group fed 2.71% lipid than in all other groups (<0.05). Blood fat also increased as the level of dietary lipid increased, but there was no change in TGand lipoproteins were significantly higher in the group fed 16.91% lipid than in those fed 2.71% lipid (<0.05). Liver superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity increased then decreased as the level of dietary lipid increased. The point of inflection was around 8.23% lipid. Malondialdehyde (MDA) content was significantly higher in the fish fed 16.91% lipid than that of other five groups(<0.05). In summary, our results suggest that higher dietary lipid increases the hepatosomatic and viscerosomatic indexes as well as fat deposition. The liver is the primary place for fat deposition, so was more sensitive than muscle. The higher levels of dietary lipid also increased. Optimal dietary lipid levels enhanced C. haematocheilus

Abstract:We evaluated the combined effect of temperature (20–3450%) on growth and serum glucose, triglyceride, and total protein levels in GIFT tilapia juveniles. We used a central composite rotatable experimental design and response surface methodology. The entire experiment lasted for 8 weeks. The linear effects of temperature, dietary protein level on growth and feed utilization were statistically significant (<0.05). High temperatures and high dietary protein levels inhibited specific grouth rat (SGR) and feed efficiency (FE). The linear effects of water temperature on serum glucose, triglyceride, and total protein levels were statistically significant (<0.05). At a dietary protein level of 37.5%, serum glucose levels increased gradually as water temperature increased, whereas serum triglyceride and total protein levels decreased at the beginning and increased thereafter. The linear effect of dietary protein levels on serum glucose levels was significant (<0.05); but the linear effect on serum triglyceride and total protein levels was insignificant (>0.05). The reciprocal effects of temperature×dietary protein levels on FE, serum glucose, triglyceride, and total protein levels were significant (<0.05). SGR, FE, serum triglyceride, and total protein levels than by owever, the pattern was reversed for serum glucose levels. Using our data, we developed a model to describe the effect of temperature and dietary protein level on serum glucose, triglyceride and total protein levels. The coefficients of determination were ), and could be applied in projection. The optimal temperature/dietary protein level combination, obtained using a statistical optimization approach, was 29.9The respective effects of water temperature on serum glucose, triglyceride, and total protein levels were observed under different dietary protein levels. Increased water temperature contributes to the better use of dietary protein, and an increase in serum protein catabolism and conversion.

Abstract:Two pairs of specific primers were designed based on the grass carp reovirus (GCRV) VP6 coding gene sequence. Using GCRV genomic total RNA as a template, we developed a reverse transcription-loop mediated isothermal amplification (RT-LAMP) assay. After optimizing the reaction conditions, we were able to successfully amplify the targeted GCRV VP6 coding gene at 63 in 1 h. Analysis of the amplified products by agarose electrophoresis revealed that the band pattern resembled that of the ladder diagram in a gel. After adding SYBR Green I fluorescent dye to the reaction system, the green positive amplification could be viewed by eye. Our assay was highly sensitive to grass carp reovirus with a lower detection limit of 33 pg, which was 10-fold higher than that of traditional RT-PCR for GCRV. Moreover, the assay was specific for the detection of GCRV and was not susceptible to cross reaction with other viruses, including Channel catfish reovirus (CCRV), Spring viremia of carp virus (SVCV), Koi herpesvirus (KHV), and giant salamander iridovirus (GSIV). In conclusion, the RT-LAMP assay is convenient, rapid, sensitive, and specific for GCRV detection. Our assay provides a novel approach for the detection of GCRV and the diagnosis of grass carp hemorrhage.

Abstract:We evaluated seasonal changes in the community structure of a demersal fishery in Laizhou Bay, China using data collected by beam trawl in May, August, October, and December of 2010. We captured fish at 19 sites in the study area (37°12′120°00′E). We collected a total of 78 species. The number of species was lower in spring than in other seasons. In terms of biomass, crustaceans were the most dominant category, followed by fish, cephalopods, and shellfish. The total biomass was highest in autumn, followed by spring, winter, and summer. The spatial distribution of biomass differed significantly among the seasons, primarily because of changes in the seasonal distribution of a few dominant species. We used the index of relative importance (IRI) to estimate the importance of each species in the community. The dominant species, which was defined based on an IRI value of >1000, were Leucosiidae spp., Diogenes spp., . The values for the Margalef richness index, Shannon-Wiener diversity index, and Pielou’s evenness were higher in summer than in the remaining seasons. We used Jaccard’s similarity index to assess the similarity of species among the seasons. Jaccard’s similarity was low between winter and the other seasons, but high between spring and summer, summer and autumn, and spring and autumn. We used ANOSIM to evaluate the dissimilarity of the fish community between seasons. The community similarity was low between spring and the other seasons both for biomass and abundance. We conclude that: (1) in Laizhou Bay, larger-sized, high-value, complex-age- structured species have been replaced by small, low-value, simple-age-structured species. (2) The mean body weight is low and the community is dominated by smaller individuals. (3) The community consists of relatively few dominant species, and is unstable, evidenced by seasonal replacement of the dominant species. (4) Beam trawling is harmful to the fishery and should be limited.

Abstract:The food composition, spatial and trophic niche width, trophic-spatial niche overlap for five gobiid fishes in Jiaozhou Bay were studied using the Shannon-Wiener index and Pianka overlap index. The trophic-spatial niche overlap was calculated to describe the relationship between feeding competition and spatial distribution of these gobiid fishes. Results showed that all the five gobiid fishes could be classified as benthic carnivorous predators. fed mainly upon shrimps, polychaetes and fish. The main prey items ofTridentiger trigonocephalus and were some small benthic crustaceans such as copepods, amphipods and cumacea. Among the five gobiid fishes, T. trigonocephalus had the highest spatial niche width value (2.01). had the lowest values of trophic niche width (1.26) and spatial niche width (0.97). The trophic niche overlap values for five gobiid fishes ranged from 0.03 to 0.64, with having the highest trophic niche overlap value (0.64). The spatial niche overlap values were between 0.08 and 0.91, with having the highest spatial niche overlap value (0.91). The trophic-spatial niche overlap values ranged from 0.003 2 to 0.364 8, with having the highest trophic), which may result in intensive food competition. The competitions among other gobiid fishes were reduced by partitioning of trophic

Abstract:were discovered in the main stem of the Irtysh Rive (the Crop 185) in May 2008. We defined them as high-dorsal silver crucian carp2.39) based on differences in their morphology (body length/body depth). The number of lateral line scales in the high and low-dorsal is 31 and 30, respectively. The number of scales above (or below) the lateral line is 7 (6), the number of scales above (or below) the lateral line in the caudal peduncle is 3 (2). High-dorsal exhibit a size advantage based on the significant difference in body depth and width, head depth and width, and caudal peduncle depth (<0.01) between high and low-dorsal silver crucian carp. A comparison of the mitochondrial control region sequences of the two types revealed that each has one haplotype, thus representing intraspecific variation with a low genetic diversity value (0.004). The two types and Fangzheng in the Heilongjiang River are monophylic, and share the same haplotype with Fangzheng . Accordingly, we speculate that the Irtysh silver crucian carps are derived from the Heilongjiang River basin. Our observations suggest the two types of , particularly the high-dorsal , have a growth advantage over other crucian carps. Given this, they offer greater potential as breeding stock. Our results provide a theoretical basis for better conservation and utilization of the unique varieties of Irtysh River silver crucian carp.

Abstract:We investigated the species composition and utilization patterns of fish larvae and juveniles in the sandy beach surf zone at Si Jiao Island. Between July 2010 to August 2011, fish larvae and juveniles were collected monthly using a seine net (1×4 m, 1 mm mesh-aperture). A total of 1762 fish larvae and juveniles, representing 46 species from 29 families were collected from 8 sites along the island. These included 29 marine species, 14 estuarine species, 2 migration species, and 1 freshwater species. Compared with the surf zone of the south Yangtze estuary and north Hangzhou Bay, which were dominated by migratory and estuarine species, respectively, the sandy beach in Si Jiao island was dominated by marine species, which accounted for 71.68 The standard length of the majority (87.05%) of. Postflexion and juvenile individuals accounted for 24.57% and 68.27% of the total catch, respectively. In terms of abundance, Collichthys lucidus andwere the 10 most dominant species. The CPUE of fish larvae and juveniles was higher in spring and summer and lower in autumn and winter. The CPUE peaked in May, at which time the majority of the catch (86.7%) consisted of . The highest species richness was observed in August, 2010. A Person Correlation analysis (2-tailed) revealed a high species richness and water temperature (<0.05). The spatial variation in CPUE and species richness suggested that fish larvae and juveniles preferred inhabiting protected sandy beaches (St.2, St.5, St.7) rather than open sandy beaches (St.4, St.8), likely due to the low wave action and calm environment.Stations 5 and 7 contributed the most to species richness and had the highest CPUE, respectively. Based on the monthly changes in standard length of the 10 most dominant species, the habitat use patterns of the 10 species could be divided into 3 types: increased in size monthly, suggesting they used the sandy beach surf zone as a nursery area. In contrast, there was little change in the standard lengthPlatycephalus indicus were only observed in the surf zone in a single month, suggesting these species use of the zone is restricted to a single or limited development stage. Our data suggest that a number of fish species, including some commercially exploited species, use the sandy beach surf zone as a shelter and/or nursery ground during their early developmental stages (primarily as juveniles and during postflexion).

Abstract:We evaluated the community structure of macrozoobenthos in the mid-reaches of the Heilongjiang River between 2010 and 2011. A total of 117 species of macrozoobenthos were collected, belonging to 16 orders and 49 families. Aquatic insects exhibited the highest species diversity, with 79 species (67.52% of the total) belonging to 34 families and 7 orders. The annual average density and biomass of macrozoobenthos was 58.37 ind/m² and 34.62 g/m², respectively. The average density was highest in spring, followed by autumn and summer, whereas the average biomass was highest in autumn and lowest in spring. sites into three groups with different macrozoobenthic communities. The results of our MDA analysis was consistent with those of the cluster analysis. Pielou index, and Simpson index were highest in the spring of 2010 and lowest in the autumn of 2010. The collectors were the most abundant functional feeding group (41 species). We assessed water quality using the biotic index (BI) and family biotic index (FBI), both of which yielded similar outcomes. The water quality in the mid- reaches of the Heilongjiang River was generally good.

Abstract:N) provides a powerful tool for estimating the trophic positions of consumers in food webs. We measured δ¹⁵N in 28 fish species and 26 invertebrate species that were collected from Liaodong Bay June and August, 2010. The trophic levels of these organisms ranged from 2.98 to 4.84, but were generally within the range of 3.70–4.56. δ¹⁵N values changed in a large proportion (50%) of fish between July and August, suggesting that δ¹⁵N values vary among species and seasonally. The largest increase wasPlatycephalus indicus (1.84‰). Furthermore, δ¹⁵N values decreased in 87.5 of the invertebrates in August. The decrease in 6 invertebrate species was > 1‰ (37.5), suggesting that invertebrates exhibit greater seasonal variation in δ¹⁵N than fish. We compared the δ¹⁵N values for 10 invertebrate species in the nearshore waters and offshore waters of Liaodong Bay to determine whether the inshore seawater environment and ecosystem is influenced by anthropogenic nitrogen inputs.

Abstract:We analyzed the spatial distribution of tuna long-line fishing grounds in Atlantic using geostatistics. The data consisted of Japanese tuna long-line fishing logs from the Atlantic Ocean between 1982–2008. There was a strong spatial correlation for the big-eye tuna long-line fishing ground. The correlation was significant in June, October, and November(<0.01). The exponential model was best able to explain the spatial variability across the fishing ground (related coefficients between 0.6 and 0.9). Based on the model forecast, there were two patterns across the fishing ground: One cyclical changed between the mid-Atlantic and America, and the Second cyclical changed between the mid-Atlantic and Africa. According to the forecast results, geostatistics are better for fishing ground distribution forecasting. However, the predicted CPUE was higher than the measured value, likely because of differences in resource status. Our results can be used as a guideline for the development of the big-eye tuna fishery and exploration of long-line fishing grounds.

Abstract:is a female related gene that plays a role in ovarian development and maintenance of function in mammals. However, little is know about the expression and function of during early embryonic development. We investigated the pattern of hybridizationmRNA was low in the fertilized egg, but increased during development. The level of expression wasafter which levels declined significantly. mRNA was at which point we observed a strong positive signal concentrated in the ventral surface near the concave region of the mouth. The intensity of the signal increased significantly visceral mass and the margin of mantle, and was distributed symmetrically. Thereafter, the signal disappeared until sex differentiation, at which time the signal was only detected in the ovary. Our results suggest that the gene participates in the regulation of ovarian development. Furthermore, given the persistent expression during the early development stages, we hypothesize that this gene plays a role in the development of .

Abstract:The histo-blood group antigens (HBGAs) located on cells of the human gastrointestinal tract function as receptors for NoVs. It is hypothesized that HBGA-like receptors are present in shellfish and are responsible for the specific accumulation of NoVs. We used human HBGA-specific monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) to develop an ELISA method for detection of three forms of HBGA in six bivalve shellfish species (oysters, razor clam, clam, blue mussel, blood clam, and scallop). All six species expressed type-A HBGAs. The detection rate of type-A HBGAs was 11.6%, 28.1%, 72.3%, and 84.6% in Sinonovacula constricta, and tissue, respectively. All samples of oyster and blood clam contained type-A HBGAs. Type-H HBGAs were found only in oysters with a detection rate of 30.7%. Type-B HBGAs were present in the razor clam and blood clam (detection rate of 76.9% and 77.8%, respectively). Our results suggest that multiple HBGAs are expressed in bivalve shellfish and provide insight into the mechanism of accumulation of NoVs by bivalve shellfish.

Abstract:There is a very high diversity of myxosporeans in China. Outbreaks of some myxosporan species have resulted in significant economic loss to the aquaculture industry. Despite this, little is known about the myxosporean life cycle. We describe anew that were isolated from a crucian carp ( in Liyang City, Jiangsu Province in (1%) we examined were found to release actinospores. The actinospore possesses a barrel-shaped spore body and 3 caudal processes with four-branched tips. . Sporoplasm cells not determined. Three pyriform polar capsules located at the apex, 6.11 μm (5.97Caudal processes originating just below the spore body, equal in size, straight, 161.2 μm (161.2