Abstract:This is the first study to genetically analyze the relative growth of multiple partial body sizes in relation to the entire body size in rainbow trout, . The experimental groups were the first generation hybrid group (F1) and the second generation hybrid group (F2) obtained from the Bohai Cold Water Fish Experimental Station of the Heilongjiang River Fishery Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences. By stepwise regression analysis, we optimized the phenotypic joint static/ontogenetic allometry scaling model to selectthe significant partial allometry scalings of multiple partial body sizes to entire body size. Two random regression models were constructed to genetically analyze multiple static/ontogenetic allometries. One model embeds the best joint static allometry model into the fixed and additive genetic effects of a simple animal model. The other model considers not only the fixed and additive genetic effects on the best joint ontogenetic allometry model, but also the time dependence of permanent environmental effects in the repeated records animal model. The genetic parameter estimation of multiple allometries can be implemented with restricted maximum likelihood for a random regression model. Application of the models proposed here is illustrated to genetically analyze joint static allometry scalings of multiple body shape traits to body weight and ontogenetic allometry scaling of body lengths to body weights repeatedly observed at different growth times in rainbow trout. The results showed that body length has the largest significant allometric association with body weight, and the order in genetic variances for allometry scalings is likely to be consistent with that of phenotypic partial allometry scalings. The largest genetic correlation for allometry scaling was found to be −0.8675 between body width and dorsal-fin base length, followed by −0.6194 between body length and body depth, while −0.0217 was the minimum value. We estimated additive genetic variance for ontogenetic allometry of the body length to weight ratio as 0.2929. According to this study, the allometries of the morphological traits to body weights not only quantify differences in relative growth between the morphological traits to body weights, but also measure the relative genetic gains of the morphological traits to the body weights by genetic analysis. Thus, the genetic parameter estimation for allometries may be useful for guidance in synchronously improving morphological traits and body weights in rainbow trout. This will help genetic manipulation of body shape as well as genetic improvement of body weight.

Abstract:gene is an excellent candidate molecular marker for studying primordial germ cells because of its specific expression in germ cell lineages. PGCs can be labeled by a reporter gene driven by regulatory regions of the ) is an economically important flatfish in China, and the females of this species grow two to four times bigger than males. Sex reversal is common in this fish and females cannot guarantee egg production by natural spawning under artificial culture conditions. Therefore, transplantation of PGCs and surrogate broodstock production might be employed to improve the production of this fish. Promoter choice in transgenic research is important for regulating expression of a foreign gene. However, the function of ) regulatory regions in tongue sole remains unknown. We aimed to isolate the regulatory regions of the gene, examine its transcriptional activity in transgenic medaka fish, and identify the conditions required for manipulation of PGCs. Two DNA fragments, including a 5166-bp 5′ region and a 1655-bp 3′ region, were obtained by genome walking and polymerase chain reaction of genomic DNA. The 5′ region of contains the major promoter region, exon 1, intron 1 and exon 2. The transcription initiation site and a putative TATA box were identified and potential transcription factor binding sites were bioinformatically analyzed. Several potential transcription factor binding sites that may perform important function relating to gene transcription, such as SRY, Oct-1, Sox-5, CREB, GATA, AP-1, C/EBP, Sp-1, c-Myc, HNF, NKX2-5, and V-Myb were predicted. Based on the above information, the regulatory regions were inserted into a pEGFP-N3 vector lacking the CMV promoter. This vector expresses the green fluorescent protein(GFP). The recombinant p-GFP-T plasmid was injected into medaka fertilized eggs by microinjection. Microfluoroscopy revealed that the level of expression was 81% in the injected embryos. GFP-fluorescent medaka embryos were cultured to adult fish and the integration efficiencyof pCsvasa promoter can efficiently drive expression in medaka embryos, and lay the foundations for identifying, labeling and tracing PGCs, investigating germ cell biology, and manipulating the sex of half-smooth tongue sole.

Abstract:Highly unsaturated fatty acids (HUFAs), such as eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid, are essential for normal growth and development and play an important role in the prevention and treatment of coronary artery disease, hypertension, arthritis and cancer. Enzymes that lengthen the carbon chain of polyunsaturated fatty acids are vital to biosynthesis of the highly unsaturated fatty acids, arachidonic acid, eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid from linoleic and a-linolenic acids. ELOVL5) is a member of the ELOVL family and is mainly responsible for 18 carbon-carbon chain extension. biosynthesis of HUFA, the full-length ELOVL5 cDNA from mirror carp was cloned using cDNA was 1 121 bp, with an open reading frame of 876 bp, encoding a protein of 291 amino acids containing a single histidine box, a canonical ER retention signal and several transmembrane regions, as seen in other fatty acid elongases. The protein shares 79.0%–93.1% sequence identity with other fish, and 69.0% identity with . The phylogenetic tree showed that it clustered closely with herbivorous and omnivorous freshwater fish. gene expression in various mirror carp tissues was determined using real-time quantitative PCR. Expression was highest in liver, followed by brain, and lowest in muscle. The fact that the ELOVL5 expression level was highest in brain and liver than in other tissues indicates that these are the main tissues for HUFA biosynthesis. We found the expression level lowest in muscle and this may be related to its in this tissue. These results will assist understanding of the biosynthesis of HUFA in common carp, and enable methods to be developed for enhancing its production. Enhanced HUFA production will accelerate the development and application of formulated feeds, and assist the development of aquiculture.

Abstract:is considered one of the most useful markers for comparative evolutionary and phylogenetic studies. In this study, the first internal transcribed spacer (ITS1) region was analyzed using female and their hybrids to explore their genetic characteristics. The results indicated that the intraindividual and interspecific polymorphism levels P. dentatus P. olivaceus and the hybrids. No recombinants were identified in the parental ITS1 sequences. However, four type X and Y sequencerecombinants were identified in the hybrids, suggesting that there was a higher likelihood of forming recombinants in the hybrids than in the parental ITS1 sequences. Further analyses using Kimura 2-parameter distance showed that the genetic distance between the hybrids andP. dentatus (0.018). In the hybrids, the frequency of Type X (85.5%) was considerably larger than that of Type Y (8.7%), indicating that the genetic material from both the male and the female parent was inherited by the offspring and that from the male parent had a considerable advantage. Hence, the molecular evidence indicates that the offspring were derived from hybridization between , rather than from any other breeding method. This study aimed at analyzing the polymorphism of ITS1 sequences and providing useful data for fish ribosomal DNA.

Abstract:) hepatocyte steatosis and investigate a possible mechanism for lipid emulsion (LE)-induced steatosis in grass carp hepatocytes, normal grass carp hepatocytes were cultured in different inducing media supplemented with different concentrations of LE or fetal bovine serum (FBS). LE and FBS were tested to identify the best medium and optimal concentration. Grass carp hepatocytes were cultured in inducing medium containing 20% or 50% FBS, or different concentrations (0.5–2 mL/L) of clinical vein nutrition drug (20% LE) for 48 h. Lipid accumulation was observed by phase-contrast microscopy, the ultrastructure of fatty degeneration of hepatocytes was observed by transmission electron microscope, the triglyceride (TG) content was determined by Oil red O extraction, the activity of ALT and ASL enzyme were examined biochemically, and the expression of the lipid metabolism genes was determined by real-time PCR. The results revealed that a model of grass carp hepatocyte steatosis can be established using induction medium containing 1–2 mL/L LE, or 20% FBS. The TG level was greatly increased in cells treated with 1–2 mL/L LE, and 20% or 50% FBS compared with that of the control cells (<0.05). However, there was no significant difference in the aminotransferase activity between cells treated with 20% FBS and cells treated with various concentrations of LE(>0.05). In the model of grass carp hepatocyte steatosis, expression of gene expression decreased sharply <0.05). In conclusion, our grass carp hepatocyte steatosis model was established over a short time using 1–2 mL/L LE or 20% FBS. Lipid accumulation in hepatocytes was closely related to the expression of lipid metabolism genes). This study provides the foundations for developing an animal model to explore nutrient metabolism in fish liver, and also provides an alternative way to uncover the mechanism(s) underlying metabolic diseases involving lipids.

Abstract:intraspecific hybridization of the wild-type strain(Py-WT, ♂) and the red-type pigmentation mutant(Py-HT, ♀) in was isolated from the recombinants. The gametophytic blades of the Py-WT strain have slow growth, thick blades, low major photosynthetic pigment content, and poor heat-resistance characters, while the gametophytic blades ofPy-HT have fast growth, thin blades, high major photosynthetic pigment content, and partial high-temperature resistance. After the conchospores of Py-WT and Py-HT strains were cultured at high temperature (24 for 13 days, the survival rates of the conchospores were 18.3% and 65.2%, respectively; however, the survival rate of HW-4conchospores at 24 was 77.5%. Furthermore, after the conchospores were cultured at high temperature (25HW-4 conchospores were 16.9%, 47.1% and 67.3%, respectively. The survival rate of the HW-4 conchospores at 24additionally, it was 4.0 times that of Py-WT and 1.4 times that of Py-HT. After the conchospore germlings from Py-WT, Py-HT and HW-4 strains(50-day-old, 19 for another 25 days, the mean blade length increased by 1.6, 1.6 and 3.3 times compared with the original lengths, respectively. The mean blade length of the HW-4 strain was 5.9 times that of Py-WT and 2.6 times that of Py-HT. After the 50-day-old conchospore germlings were cultured at 25HW-4 increased 1.3, 1.4 and 2.5 times, respectively, and the mean length of the blades of the HW-4 strain was 5.3 times that of Py-WT and 2.1 times that of Py-HT. In addition, the gametophytic blades of the parental strains began to curl and rot after 10–15 days in culture at high temperatures(24), and rotten seriously after 25 days. However, the HW-4 gametophytic blades curled a little after 25 days in culture at high temperatures, but did not rot even after 35 days. After the blades were cultured for another 15 days at 19was 76.0 mg/g, 111.1 mg/g and 132.3 mg/g, respectively, which was 3.1, 2.2 and 2.0 times that of Py-WT, respectively. The total was significantly higher than that of the parental blades. The numbers of conchospores released did not significantly differ among Py-WT, Py-HT and HW-4 strains. The above results show the following: (1) high-temperature resistance in HW-4 conchospores and F₁ gametophytic blades, and (2) improved growth rate and pigment content in HW-4 blades compared with the parental strains. Therefore, the improved strain (HW-4) is expected to be used for cultivation of

Abstract:is an economically important food species in China. In recent years, culture, various problems such as disease, larval degeneration and natural resource depletion have resulted in economic losses in this species. Therefore, studies on selective breeding are important. In this paper, the growth performance, heritability and breeding value of mating experiments. , a total of 200 mature crabs were taken from a core breeding population of the new variety of ‘Huangxuan No.1’. Fifty males and 150 females were used for mating. Those that died or had not mated were removed from the study. The remaining 92 females were moved to an indoor pond for overwintering. In April 2011, only 35 females extruded a fertilized brood of eggs. From April 10 to 16 of 2011, 20 full-sib families were produced. On day 80 and day 100, about 50 individuals were randomly sampled from each family and were measured for carapace width, that the body weight was 16.20% and 19.35% higher on day 80 and day 100, respectively, compared with the natural population. The heritability on day 80 and day 100 ranged from 0.164 to 0.304, and from 0.117 to 0.241, respectively, indicating that family selection is an effective way to breed Analysis of the selection efficiency based on the breeding value or phenotypic value revealed that the breeding value was higher than the phenotypic value for growth traits (11.1%–19.38%). Hence, we suggest that the efficiency of breeding value-based selection is higher than that of phenotypic selection.

Abstract:S.leucomaenis and their hybrid offspring from the fertilized egg stage to one year and two months of age (November 2011 to January 2013). Next, we established diallel crosses. The specimens were collected from the water at Bohai station (Bohai Sea). Growth function models(Specialized Logistic, Gompertz, and Von Bertalanffy) were used for fitting the length and weight growth profiles of juveniles and their hybrid offspring for analysis and comparison of their growth characteristics. The test comprised four groups, AA and BB (selfing groups), AB(A♀×B♂) and BA(B♀×A♂) (hybridization groups). A denotes . According to the degree of fit during model fitting of the commercial fish, we judged the value of each combination of by comparing their body weights, body lengths, survival rates and relative fatness levels. The sum of residual squares for the models was compared with one another and the Gompertz growth function was the most accurate model for growth fitting with >0.99, and an AB group advantage was obvious. At the end of the experiment, the survival rates were >0.05) in the other three AA groups. Comparisons of growth rate (g/d), condition factor (g/cm³), and other growth indicators showed the following trend: AB>AA>BA>BB, and the difference was significant (<0.05), with Differences in the growth indices showed the same trend. The direct hybrid ) growth performance was significantly higher than that of the reciprocal hybrid (B) and its parents. Hence, the potential for high economic production in hybrids exists.

Abstract:This is the first study to genetically analyze the relative growth of multiple partial body sizes in relation to the entire body size in rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss. The experimental groups were the first generation hybrid group (F1) and the second generation hybrid group (F 2) obtained from the Bohai Cold Water Fish Experimental Station of the Heilongjiang River Fishery Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences. By stepwise regression analysis, we optimized the phenotypic joint static/ontogenetic allometry scaling model to select the significant partial allometry scalings of multiple partial body sizes to entire body size. Two random regression models were constructed to genetically analyze multiple static/ontogenetic allometries. One model embeds the best joint static allometry model in to the fi xed and additive genetic effects of a simple animal model. The other model considers not only the fixed and additive genetic eff ects on the best joint ontogenetic allometry model, but also the time dependence of permanent environmental effects in the repeated records animal model. The genetic parameter estimation of multiple allometries can be implemented with restricted maximum likelihood for a random regression model. Application of the models proposed here is illustrated to genetically analyze jo int sta tic allometry scalings of multiple body shape traits to body weight and ontogenetic allometry scaling of body lengths to body weights repeatedly observed at different growth times in rainbow trout. The results showed that body length has the largest significant allometric association with body weight, and the order in genetic variances for allometry scalings is li kely to be consistent with that of phenotypic partial allometry scalings. The largest genetic correlation for allometry scaling was found to be −0.8675 between body width and dorsal-fin base length, followed by −0.6194 between body length and body depth, w hile −0.0217 was the minimum value. We estimated additive genetic variance for ontogenetic allometry of the body length to weight ratio as 0.2929. According to this study, the allometries of the morphological traits to body weights not only quantify differences in relative growth bet ween the morphological traits to body weights, but also measure the relative genetic gains of the morphological traits to the body weights by genetic analysis. Thus, the genetic parameter estimation for allometries may be useful for guidance in synchronously improving morphological traits and body weights in rainbow trout. This will help genetic manipulation of body shape as well as genetic improvement of body weight.

Abstract:We aimed to explore the effects of different types of light color(i.e., A₁, white light; A₂, blue light; A₃, red light), photoperiod (i.e., B₁, 24L, 0.88 W/m²; C₂, 4.55 W/m²; C₃, 8.60 W/m²) on the growth performance and feeding of Atlantic salmon () with initial body weights of 850.97±82.77 g for 180 days in recirculating aquaculture systems (RAS) using orthogonal test methods. Nine treatment groups were designed in the present experiment: A₁B₁C₁(group1), A₁B₂C₂(group2), A₁B₃C₃(group3), A₃B₃C₂(Group4), A₂B₂C₃(group5), A₂B₃C₁(group6), A₃B₁C₃(group7), A₃B₂C₁(group8), and A₁B₁C₁(group9). The results showed that the highest survival rate was found in red light, 12L at the end of the trial, and no significant difference was observed in the survival rates of the experimental groups (>0.05). There were no significant differences in relative weight gain and condition among the nine groups at each sampling time (>0.05). At day 120, the specific growth rate of body length for groups 2, 5 and 6 were significantly higher than those of group 1 (<0.05). At day 180, the specific growth rate of body weight in groups 1, 2, 4, 7 and 8 were significantly higher than those of group 6 (<0.05), and the daily weight gain of groups 1, 2, 3, 4, 7, 8 and 9 showed higher variation than those of group 6 (<0.05). Additionally, the plasma growth hormone in group 9 was a higher concentration than that of groups 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 7 and 8 (<0.05). Better food intake(FI), food conversion efficiency(FCE) and food conversion ratio(FCR) were also observed in red light (12L at the end of the experiment, while light color, photoperiod and light intensity had no significant effects on the FI, FCE and FCR between groups(>0.05). Hence, red light (12L is considered to be a suitable combination of artificial lighting under the experimental conditions described herein.

Abstract:Vitamin C (VC) is an essential water-soluble antioxidant vitamin involved in normal physiological functions in fish. It plays important roles in growth, collagen synthesis, iron metabolism, and immune function. VC has also been found to play an active role in reducing the effects of pre-slaughter stress and in improving the meat quality of livestock and poultry. However, little information is available on its effect on flesh quality in the genetically improved farmed tilapia (GIFT), Hence, this study was conducted to investigate the effects of dietary supplemental VC on growth, flesh quality and antioxidant function in GIFT, 77.07±2.24 g) were assigned to four groups (20 fish per replicate, triplicate experiments). The fish were fed four experimental diets supplemented with different levels of VC: 0300 and 1 500 mg/kg (C 0, C 60, C 300 and C 1500, respectively), supplied as L-ascorbyl-2-phosphate for 56 d. After the feeding trial, fish fed with the C 0 diet had significantly lower weight gains, specific growth and survival rates than those fed on diets supplemented with VC (<0.05), but no significant differences were observed among fish fed on diets supplemented with VC (>0.05). Dietary VC supplementation had no significant effect on the protein, lipid and ash contents of fish muscle (>0.05). However, the moisture content of fish muscle in the C 1500 group was significantly lower than those in the other three groups (<0.05). Fish fed the C 300 diet had significantly higher springiness and chewiness than those fed on the C 0 diet (<0.05). The values for hardness, cohesiveness, springiness, gumminess, and chewiness of the fish fed on the C 1500 diet were significantly higher than those of fish fed the C 0 diet (<0.05). However, muscle resilience was not significantly affected by dietary VC levels (>0.05). VC supplementation increased the superoxide dismutase activity in the serum and muscle tissue of tilapia significantly (<0.05). Fish fed with the C 300 diet had the highest serum peroxidase activitysignificantly higher than that of the C 0 group (<0.05). Compared with the C 0 group, peroxidase activity in muscle increased but was not significantly different from the VC-supplemented groups (>0.05). The malonic aldehyde contents in serum and muscle decreased significantly in the VC-supplemented groups and the C These results suggest that dietary VC supplementation (at an effective level of 282 quality and antioxidant function, it is recommended to supplement 1 500 mg/kg VC (at an effective level of 1 437 mg/kg) in the diet of GIGT.

Abstract:was investigated for 743 individuals collected monthly from the Lidao Rongcheng shore reef (March 2010 and February 2011). The main results of this study are as follows. a demersal-feeding fish, had 11 prey groups with polychaeta dominating. Prey groups also included fish eggs, algae, seagrass, stomatopoda, amphipoda and other fish. The dietary composition of the prey consumed had obvious seasonal variations. While polychaeta was an important prey group across all seasons, stomatopoda and decapoda were predominant in spring, fish and crabs in summer, fish eggs and fish in autumn, while fish eggs were eaten mostly in winter. The dietary composition also had obvious ontogenetic variations: <80 mm consumed polychaeta, fish, decapoda and crabs, while >199 mm consumed fish, polychaeta and fish eggs. The feeding intensity had obvious seasonal variations, being highest in summer and lowest in winter. The feeding intensity also had obvious ontogenetic variations, reaching the highest feeding intensity in <100 mm, then decreasing with increasing standard length, and gradually increasing after >180 mm . Five samples could be identified by DNA barcoding, among which, four were identified at species level and one at genus level. Therefore, the feeding habits of display seasonal and ontogenetic variations, along with variations in species consumption and abundance.

Abstract:was investigated by six consecutive samplings of reproductive stocks of this fish (spring, 2012) in the Wen-Tai fishing ground (27E to the steam boat fishing prohibition zone∶1 in the fork length < 340 mm group, but female fish out-numbered male fish significantly in the fork length > 340 mm group. Variations in the gonadosomaticindex(GSI) over time showed that the main breeding season lasted from mid-March to mid-April in this location. Female and male GSI values showed significant differences in the time periods, and the overall performance for females was higher than in males. We found the average feeding intensity to be greater in males than in females in the different gonadal stages. The liver index showed significant differences in the different female and male gonadal stages, with values for females higher than males. Absolute fecundity was 44 017–734 684 grains (mean ±SD, 173 867 ± 15 719 grains), while the dominant group was 10–30×10⁴ grains (70.37%). Relative fecundity was 187–1403 grains/g (mean ± SD, 538 ± 31 grains/g), and the dominant group was 390–700 grains/g (66.67%). Egg size was 0.27–1.22 mm (mean ± SD, 0.86 ± 0.01 mm), while the dominant group ranged from 0.7 to 1.1 mm. The absolute fecundity of in the Wen-Tai fishing ground was found to be less than that of the northern Yellow Sea and higher than that of the Taiwan Strait. Relative fecundity was higher than historic levels, but the mean egg size was found to be lower than in the 1980s, and the minimum fork length of males and females at maturity experienced a certain degree of reduction. This suggests that reproductive interventions (i.e., increasing relative fecundity, reducing egg sizes, and promoting early sexual maturity in the fish) are needed to cope with the high fishing intensity and environment stresses that had threaten reproductive stocks.

Abstract:Since the start of the 21st century, rapid economic coastal development and active coastal engineering have occurred in China, causing most of the coastline to contract. Large expanses of coastline, the habitats of marine organisms have been affected. This study is based on the Landsat TM remote sensing data and the nearest relative historical survey data (1987, 2005, 2007, 2008, 2009, 2010 and 2011) from the Tianjin of Bohai Bay. We used the multi-resolution segmentation and nearest-neighbor classification methods, and analyzed the relationships between species composition, abundance, biomass and diversity of the macro-benthos, and t water using eCognition, ENVI and ArcGIS software.The results show that mudflat, near-shore occupied shallow waters, coastline increase, proportion of mollusks and crustaceans, total species numbers in the macro-benthos, Shannon-wiener index, abundance index, and evenness index are all negatively correlated with each other. In contrast, mudflat, near-shore occupied shallow water, coastline increase, polychaete proportions, total macro-benthos abundance and biomass were all positively correlated with each other. It is evident that

Abstract:) were evaluated after they were immunized with a bivalently-expressed outer membrane protein (OMP) of porin II and ompS2 from , respectively. One-hundred and fifty eels distributed into three equal groups were administered ) injections ofA. hydrophila and The plasma collected on days 14, 21 and 28 were used to measure the titers of specific antibodies and lysozyme activity, and whole blood cells collected on these days were used to evaluate the stimulation index (SI). Lysozyme activities in skin mucus and suspensions of liver and kidney were also recorded on these days. On day 28 post-immunization, eels from all three groups were challenged by . Compared with the PBS group, the serum titers of the anti-<0.01) on days 21 and 28. Compared with the PBS and OMP groups, proliferation of whole blood cells in the FKC group was significantly (<0.05) enhanced on day 14, but whole blood cell proliferation in the two immunized groups significantly (<0.05) decreased on day 21 compared with the PBS group. Lysozyme activity in serum, skin mucus, and the liver and kidney suspensions differed significantly (<0.01) between the three groups. The relative percentage survival after challenge with <0.05). These results show that bivalent OMP improved the immune function of the Japanese eel and protected it against infection with . This vaccine has potential for use in freshwater farmed eels.

Abstract:We investigated the feasibility of monitoring the health of Atlantic salmon to facilitate development of an early warning system for disease. To do this, we recorded changes in the swimming behavior and blood composition in the salmon after challenge with challenge experiments were the same batch from the same farm. Healthy fish and fish infected with colony forming units (CFU)/mL per fish (suspended in saline)control fish were injected with isotonic sodium chloride 100 µL per fish)The swimming ability and tail beat frequency measurements of the healthy and sick fish a significant decrease in the critical swimming speedPThere was also a significant change in the slopes of the correlations between the tail beat frequency and the swimming speed0.05, comparisons of the leukocyte system were made between groups at each sampling point and among treatment groups for time after challengethe total number of leukocyteschallenged groups compared with the control groups the number of leukocytes and granulocytes significantly reduced by 2.8% and 43.9% 0.05and the number of lymphocytes and monocytes significantly increased by 63.3% and 23.9% 0.05there were significant correlations between numbers of blood cells and the sampling point in the challenged fish0.05). The results of the present study highlight the feasibility of monitoring fish health through use of the following convenient parameters: swimming performancecritand blood analysis.lay the foundations for an early warning system for fish disease.

Abstract:isolates collected from diseased fish that were cultured along the south China coast. The antibiotic resistance profiles of 84 strains were tested with 12 common antibiotics using Kirby–Bauer disc diffusion methodology. The antimicrobial susceptibility data were used to identify correlations between antibiogram and subgroup types using cluster analysis software (SPSS 19.0, Statistical Product and Service Solutions). Eighty-four isolates formed 26 antibiogram types with an antibiogram abundance of 31.0%. The number of multiple antibiotic resistant types (i.e., resistant to more than three antibiotics) in the strains was 13 and comprised 50.0% of the total antibiogram types, causing the multi-antibiogram abundance value to increase to 59.1%. Isolates originating from Hainan, Guangdong, Guangxi, and Fujian Provinces possessed 18, 15, 3, and 1 of the antibiogram types, respectively, and all shared the J antibiogram type (FUR/AMO). Representative antibiogram types were J and M from 2007, A and B were added in 2010, 24 A to X types (A to X except for Y, Z) were added in 2011, while Y and Z appeared in 2012. The kinds of suppressive antimicrobial agents was 2, 5, 7, and 8, thereby mirroring the sampling years, 2007, 2010, 2011 and 2012, respectively. Strains isolated from Plectropomus leopardus, ♀ contained 6–10 antibiogram types, while the remaining fish sampled had only 1–3 types. The strains clustered initially into six subgroups (i–vi) and further formed groups I and II. Each subgroup contained characteristic antibiogram types comprising N, P, T, U, Y; R, S; K, P; F, H, O, X, V, W; E, G, Q; and C, L, Z. Common antibiogram types were not found in the Group I and II strains. Our research revealed that the isolates displayed polymorphic antibiogram types of moderately high abundance and could be typed for resistance effectively by cluster analysis. The resistance patterns of the isolates gathered from different sources were diverse.

Abstract:(, one of the most toxic natural neurotoxins found in several kinds of fishery productscause TTX poisoning. Therefore, detection methods for routine analysis of TTX should be developed. We found that TTX could be converted into a new compound with fluorescence properties by reaction with sodium bromate (NaBrO) and urea. The reaction was sensitive to the acidity level of the solution and the pH value needed to be strictly controlled between 11.611.9. The fluorescence scanning spectrum showed the fluorescent compound maximum excitation wavelength of 233 nm and emission wavelength of 370 nmwas not the product of alkaline degradation (quinazoline). Hence, a new type of fluorescence detection method was developed for identifying TTX in aquatic products. After reaction with NaBrO0.09 mol/L10Na₂CO₃the TTX derivative solution was neutralized with 15% phosphoric acid and then detected by reverse-phase high-performance liquid chromatography with a fluorescence detector. The result was quantified by the standard addition method. The detection limit was 20 μg/kg and the relative standard deviation was 0.44%7.25%. The method was specific, accurate, and sensitive, and can be used for identification of TTX determination.

Abstract:Marine environmental data are always multi-source and multi-versional. This is because the different methods used for data collection vary in their retrieval algorithms, procedures used and purposes, so that data processing has various spatial and temporal resolutions with different errors. Hence, it is important to know whether results derived from different versions of the same data are consistent and the models can be correctly used by testing other versions of the data. For this purpose, we collected sea surface temperature data from different web sizes using linear regression and randomization tests to evaluate the effects of different data versions on the parameter estimations and predictions of habitat suitability index models. The results showed that because of system errors in the data, the parameters estimated differed significantly and the models were unable to make correct forecasts by inputting other versions of the data. Dispersion between different data versions reflected the random errors inherent in the data and led to uncertainty in the results of the habitat suitability index models. Accordingly, we suggest that model outputs are quantified for uncertainty to ensure that scientific data can be reliably used in fishery resource management.

Abstract:is a perennial red alga (Rhodophyta) commonly used as a source of food, drugs, or textile industry raw materials. Recently, has been used for artificial breeding experiments and aquaculture research. However, limited genetic information about this species has hindered progress in artificial culture of it. In this study, we estimated genetic diversity in using amplified fragment length polymorphism markers with three populations of 90 individuals from Shenzhen, Shantou, and Changdao, China. Ten pairs of polymorphic primers were screened, generating 427 loci, of which 392 (91.75 %) were polymorphic. Loci obtained from each pair of primers ranged from 30 to 59. The Changdao population possessed the highest number of amplified loci and the highest polymorphism level. The observed number of alleles () showed the same trend in the three populations (i.e., Changdao>Shantou>Shenzhen), suggesting that the Changdao population had the highest genetic diversity. Major genetic variation existed among the populations. was 0.575 4, indicating high genetic differentiation among the populations. The smallest genetic distance was found (0.110 2), while the largest was between the Shenzhen and Changdao populations (0.357 7). The Shenzhen and Shantou populations clustered together and then grouped with the Changdao population, suggesting that the genetic divergence observed was related to geographical distance. Our results resources.

Abstract:Heterozygous genetically uniform clones allow for comparison of the same genotype over time and under different ambient conditions. This allows us to estimate genetic correlations and detect genotype-by-environment interactions and phenotypic plasticity for complex traits such as sex and gonadal differentiationheterozygous Japanese flounder clone was produced by from male and female mitotic gynogenetic diploid parents at Beidaihe Central Experiment Station, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qinhuangdao, Hebei Province. The fish were cultivated in six gradient temperatures to observe the effects of temperature on sex differentiation, sex ratio, and growth. The results provide basic data on clonal biology and breeding. The experimental fish were reared separately at 16, and 31 from 35–110 dph (days post hatching). In the meantime, 10 fish were sampled every 5 days from 35–80 dph, then every 10 days after 80 dph. Growth data, including total length and body weight were measured, and samples were preserved in Bouin’s fluid for paraffin sectioning and histological observation. The results revealed that the Japanese flounder larvae reared in , began to differentiate when grew to 60 dph. Larvae 70 and 90 dph started to differentiate at 19 . However, no sex differentiation was observed at 31 even after 110 days. Histological observations revealed that all of the heterozygous clones from the different water temperatures were female, which suggested that high water temperature does not affect female sex reversal. The initial trends in morphological growth included a gradual increase in total length and weight with increasing temperature, except at 31 reared larvae grew faster than those reared at 28 after 55 dph, and was the fastest growing group overall. In summary, sex differentiation of heterozygous Japanese flounder clones quickened with increasing temperature. Temperature had no effect on sex ratio, all temperature groups were female. Furthermore, the larvae kept at 25