中国水产科学  2024, Vol. 31 Issue (11): 1387-1398  DOI: 10.12264/JFSC2023-0199
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引用本文 

肖俊, 龙凡, 丁立云, 赵俊, 姚远, 巫伟华, 傅义龙, 陈文静. 维生素E对彭泽鲫亲本生长、繁殖及免疫力的影响[J]. 中国水产科学, 2024, 31(11): 1387-1398. DOI: 10.12264/JFSC2023-0199.
XIAO Jun, LONG Fan, DING Liyun, ZHAO Jun, YAO Yuan, WU Weihua, FU Yilong, CHEN Wenjing. Effects of dietary vitamin E on growth, reproduction and nutrient composition, antioxidant immunity and tissue vitamin E content of Pengze crucian carp (Carassius auratus var. Pengze) broodstock[J]. Journal of Fishery Sciences of China, 2024, 31(11): 1387-1398. DOI: 10.12264/JFSC2023-0199.

基金项目

国家现代农业产业体系项目(CARS-46);江西省重点研发计划项目(20203BBF63045);江西省现代农业产业技术体系项目(JXARS-03);江西省高层次高技能领军人才培养工程项目.

作者简介

肖俊(1991‒),男,硕士,水产师,研究方向为水产动物营养. E-mail:874370756@qq.com

通信作者

通信作者:丁立云,博士,研究员,研究方向为水产动物营养与饲料科学. E-mail:dingliyun2008@163.com

文章历史

收稿日期:2024-06-13
修改日期:2024-07-04
维生素E对彭泽鲫亲本生长、繁殖及免疫力的影响
肖俊1,2,龙凡1,2,丁立云1,2,赵俊3,姚远1,2,巫伟华1,2,傅义龙1,2,陈文静1,2,     
1. 江西省水产科学研究所,江西 南昌 330039
2. 农业农村部湖泊渔业资源环境科学观测实验站,江西 南昌 330039
3. 华南师范大学生命科学学院,广东 广州 510631
摘要:为探究饲料维生素E含量对彭泽鲫(Carassius auratus var. Pengze)亲本生长、卵巢发育和营养成分、抗氧化指标及组织维生素E含量的影响,选取初始体重为(256.30±4.70)g的彭泽鲫亲本进行养殖试验,投喂含有0 mg/kg(实测值为68.1 mg/kg)、400 mg/kg(实测值为462.3 mg/kg)和1600 mg/kg(实测值为1655.8 mg/kg)维生素E的等氮等能饲料,养殖周期60 d。结果显示:饲料中维生素E含量对彭泽鲫亲本的生长、存活率和增重率无显著影响(P>0.05),400 mg/kg组肥满度显著高于0 mg/kg组(P<0.05);400 mg/kg组性腺指数显著高于其余两组(P<0.05)。1600 mg/kg组肝脏中维生素E含量显著高于其余两组(P<0.05),400 mg/kg和1600 mg/kg组卵巢中维生素E含量显著高于0 mg/kg组(P<0.05);卵巢必需氨基酸总量显著增加(P<0.05),400 mg/kg组的缬氨酸、异亮氨酸、苏氨酸及赖氨酸显著高于0 mg/kg组(P<0.05),1600 mg/kg组的组氨酸、谷氨酸和总氨基酸含量显著高于其余两组(P<0.05);脂肪酸含量1600 mg/kg组C18∶3n6和ΣPUFA显著低于其余两组(P<0.05),C22∶6n3(DHA)和Σn-3PUFA在400 mg/kg组达峰值,显著高于0 mg/kg组(P<0.05)。血清中,400 mg/kg组和1600 mg/kg组CAT、ACP和VTG显著高于0 mg/kg组(P<0.05),添加维生素E的两组与0 mg/kg组相比MDA显著降低(P<0.05),T-AOC和LZM在400 mg/kg组达峰值,显著高于0 mg/kg组(P<0.05)。肝脏中,SOD活性在400 mg/kg组达峰值,显著高于0 mg/kg组(P<0.05),且随着饲料维生素E含量增加,MDA活性显著降低(P<0.05)。综上所述,在本研究中,饲料中400 mg/kg的维生素E的添加量可显著提高彭泽鲫亲本的性腺指数和卵巢中维生素E含量,有利于氨基酸和脂肪酸的沉积并增加血清和肝脏中免疫和抗氧化酶活力,从而改善彭泽鲫亲本性腺发育。
关键词维生素E    彭泽鲫亲本    性腺指数    抗氧化酶    
Effects of dietary vitamin E on growth, reproduction and nutrient composition, antioxidant immunity and tissue vitamin E content of Pengze crucian carp (Carassius auratus var. Pengze) broodstock
XIAO Jun1,2,LONG Fan1,2,DING Liyun,1,2,ZHAO Jun3,YAO Yuan1,2,WU Weihua1,2,FU Yilong1,2,CHEN Wenjing1,2    
1. Jiangxi Fisheries Research Institute, Nanchang 330039, China
2. Experimental Station of Lake Fishery Resources and Environment, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Nanchang 330039, China
3. College of Life Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou 510631, China
Abstract:To investigate the impact of varying protein levels in feed on the growth performance, ovarian amino acid and fatty acid composition, gonad development, and serum hormone deposition of pengze crucian carp (Carassius auratus var. Pengze) broodstock, 135 broodstock with an average initial weight of (256.30±4.70) g were randomly selected for the experiment. These fish were then divided into three groups, each with three replicates and 15 individuals in each replicate. Fish and soybean meals were the primary protein sources, while corn starch was used to adjust the protein gradient, with dietary vitamin E content at 0 mg/kg (68.1 mg/kg), 400 mg/kg (462.3 mg/kg), and 1600 mg/kg (1655.8 mg/kg). The experiment was conducted for 60 days. No significant difference was observed in the growth, survival rate, and weight gain rate of Pengze crucian carp (P>0.05). The fattening degree showed a significant increase and a stable trend with the increase in vitamin E in the feed. The gonadal index of the 400 mg/kg group was significantly higher than that of the remaining two groups (P<0.05), and the egg diameter and number of eggs conceived showed an increasing trend and a decrease with an increase in vitamin E (P>0.05). In the liver, vitamin E content in the 1600 mg/kg group was significantly higher than that in the remaining two groups (P<0.05). In the ovaries, the vitamin E content in the 400 and 1600 mg/kg groups was significantly higher than that in the 0 mg/kg group (P<0.05). The addition of vitamin E significantly increased the total amount of essential amino acids in the ovary (P<0.05). Valine, isoleucine, threonine, lysine, and the total essential amino acids in the 400 mg/kg group were significantly higher than those in the 1600 mg/kg group (P<0.05). Histidine, glutamic acid, and total amino acids were significantly higher in the 1600 mg/kg group than in the remaining two groups (P<0.05); however, no significant difference was observed in the total non-essential amino acids between the groups (P>0.05); seven saturated fatty acids, four monounsaturated fatty acids, and eight polyunsaturated fatty acids were detected in the ovaries of the various groups (P<0.05). Polyunsaturated fatty acids, C18:3n6, and ΣPUFA were significantly lower in the 1600 mg/kg group than in the remaining two groups (P<0.05), whereas DHA and Σn-3PUFA peaked in the 400 mg/kg group and were significantly higher than those in the 0 mg/kg group (P<0.05), but did not differ significantly from the 1600 mg/kg group (P>0.05). In the serum, CAT, ACP, and VTG were significantly higher in the 400 and 1600 mg/kg groups than in the 0 mg/kg group (P<0.05), and MDA was significantly lower (P<0.05), while T-AOC and LZM reached their peaks in the 400 mg/kg group and were significantly higher than that in the 0 mg/kg group (P<0.05). In the liver, the SOD activity peaked in the 400 mg/kg group and was significantly higher than that in the 0 mg/kg (P<0.05), and MDA activity decreased significantly with increasing feed vitamin E levels (P<0.05). In conclusion, the addition of 400 mg/kg vitamin E in the diet significantly increased the gonad index and vitamin E content in the ovary of Pengze crucian carp, which was beneficial to the deposition of amino acids and fatty acids and increased the immune and antioxidant enzyme activities in serum and liver, thereby improving the gonadal development of Pengze crucian carp.
Key wordsvitamin E    Penze crucian carp broodstock    gonadal index    antioxidant enzymes    

彭泽鲫(Carassius auratus var. Pengze)是国内首个利用野生鲫进行人工选育的新品种。近年来,科研人员对我国鲫资源、遗传多样性及不同鲫的起源进化进行了大量研究,发现彭泽鲫具有丰富的遗传变异和育种潜力。通过其培育出的白金丰产鲫(Carassius auratus var. Pengze ♀×Cyprinus acutidorsalis Wang ♂)[1](品种登记号:GS-01-001-2015)和穗丰鲫(Carassius auratus var. Pengze ♀× Cyprinus acutidorsalis Wang ♂)[2](品种登记号:GS-01-002-2023)等品种,在全国范围内大规模推广后,不仅取得了巨大的经济效益,也带来了重要的社会效益。

随着我国水产养殖业的迅速发展,优质苗种供不应求的问题日益显现,如何提高苗种质量已经成为水产养殖业面临的主要挑战。营养在鱼类的生长和繁殖中扮演着关键角色,满足亲本的营养需求是提高繁殖性能的关键因素[3]。维生素E作为一种重要的脂溶性生物组织抗氧化剂,在鱼类生长、免疫、抗氧化和繁殖中起重要作用[4]。根据2011年美国国家委员会(National Research Council, NRC)公布的数据,常见淡水鱼生长所需维生素E含量主要集中在25~100 mg/kg[5]。由于鱼类无法自行合成维生素E,因此必须通过饮食获取足够的维生素E来维持其正常生理功能[6]。维生素E在水生生物应用方面的研究报道已有很多,如通过对细鳞鲑(Brachymystax lenok)[7]幼鱼和胭脂鱼(Myxocyprinus asiaticus)[8]幼鱼的研究发现,饲料中添加适量维生素E可以显著提高其生长指数。在半滑舌鳎(Cynoglossus semilaevis)[9]亲鱼的研究中发现,饲料中添加1200 mg/kg的维生素E可以显著促进亲鱼性腺的发育。在黄鳝的研究中发现,饲料中维生素E添加量达到200 mg/kg时,雌鳝的繁殖性能明显改善,但低于50 mg/kg时会抑制其卵巢发育,高于200 mg/kg时对卵巢发育没有显著影响[10]。因此,维生素E在水生动物性腺发育过程中扮演重要角色,可以促进水生动物性腺激素的产生[11-12],缺乏或过量添加维生素E都可能对生长期的水生动物造成抑制,甚至损害,同时也会影响繁殖期亲体卵子的质量[13]

目前,关于维生素E对鱼类亲本性腺发育的影响仅在星斑川鲽(Platichthys stellatus)亲本[14]、圆口铜鱼(Coreius guichenoti)亲本[15]、尼罗罗非鱼(Oreochromis niloticus)[16]和半滑舌鳎(Cynoglossus semilaevis)[9]亲本等中有少量研究,关于彭泽鲫亲本的研究国内外未见报道。本研究以彭泽鲫亲本为研究对象,探究在基础饲料中添加维生素E,对彭泽鲫亲本生长、性腺发育与免疫力的影响,以期为后续研究彭泽鲫亲本营养需求提供理论基础。

1 材料与方法 1.1 实验鱼及饲养管理

彭泽鲫亲本购买于九江良盛生态农业发展有限公司,正式实验开始前在循环水系统中用基础饲料暂养4周,以适应养殖环境和饲料规格。随机选取体重一致且健康有活力的彭泽鲫亲本135尾,平均初始体重为(256.30±4.70) g,随机分为3组,每组设3个平行,每个平行15尾鱼,每个圆形养殖桶(规格为直径800 mm×高650 mm)对应1个平行,养殖周期60 d。实验鱼每日9:00和17:00饱食投喂实验日粮2次。整个实验期间水质监测情况为:水温(20±2) ℃,溶解氧浓度不低于7 mg/L, pH 7.53±0.12,氨氮和亚硝酸浓度不高于0.1 mg/L。光周期为自然周期。

1.2 实验饲料

本研究饲料以鱼粉和豆粕为主要蛋白源,鱼油为脂肪源,按照表1的配方配制基础饲料,在基础饲料中配制维生素E的添加量分别0, 400和1600 mg/kg。实验用的维生素E为DL-α-生育酚乙酸酯(粉)购自吉林北沙制药有限公司,纯度为50%。采用中华人民共和国国家标准GB/T 17812—2008的高效液相色谱法测得3组饲料中维生素E实际含量分别为68.1, 462.3和1655.8 mg/kg。所有原料粉碎后过80目筛,按配方比例称量后,加油和水混合制成直径为2 mm的颗粒饲料,晾干后用封口袋封装,置于冰箱−20 ℃保存备用。

表1  实验饲料组成及营养水平(风干基础) Tab. 1  Composition and nutrient levels of experimental diets (DM basis) %
1.3 样品采集

饲养实验结束后,饥饿24 h后对每个桶的鱼进行称重,并统计总数。按照传统的腹部检查法(轻压腹部看是否能挤出精液,雌鱼腹部柔软)初步判断雌雄,并从每个养殖桶中随机取6尾雌鱼,经MS-222 (120 mg/L)麻醉后,测量体长和体重,以计算肥满度(condition factor,CF)。用1 mL无菌注射器进行尾静脉采血,血液置于肝素钠抗凝管中,4 ℃静止12 h后,4000 r/min离心10 min,取其上清液。静脉采血后,将样本中的雌鱼置于冰盘内解剖,完整取出性腺(即卵巢)和肝脏,记录性腺重。取1 g左右卵巢组织置于4%甲醛中固定12 h,用于卵径和怀卵量的测定,卵母细胞的直径在显微镜下用目微尺测量,每尾雌鱼测量20个卵母细胞。血液上清液、性腺和肝脏组织样品放于冰箱−70 ℃保存。

1.4 样品测定

水分、粗脂肪和粗蛋白分别采用恒温干燥法(GB/T 5009.3—2003)、索氏抽提法(GB/T 5009.6—2003)和凯氏定氮法(GB/T 5009.3—2003)测定,粗灰分含量测定采用550 ℃马弗炉灼烧法(GB/T 5009.4—2003)。饲料和卵巢脂肪酸含量测定参照GB/T 17377—2008的方法,采用气相色谱法(SHIMADZU, GC-2010, Japan)检测脂肪酸的成分。通过量化特定峰面积占总峰面积的百分比来计算脂肪酸(总脂肪酸%)。超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)活力采用黄嘌呤氧化酶法;丙二醛(MDA)采用硫代巴比妥酸缩合比色法;总抗氧化活性(T-AOC)、过氧化氢酶活性(CAT)、溶菌酶(LZM)、碱性磷酸酶(ALP)、酸性磷酸酶(ACP)、雌二醇2 (E2)、孕酮(PROG)、卵黄蛋白原(VTG)、肝脏和卵巢维生素E含量均采用南京建成生物工程研究所试剂盒检测,按说明书要求操作并计算。

1.5 数据处理

对养殖试验结束后的彭泽鲫雌鱼群体数据进行处理,对存活率、增重率和肥满度的变化进行比较,观察性腺指数的变化,绝对怀卵量的测定通过以下步骤进行:称量卵巢总重–取样–称量样品重量–计算样品中卵粒数量–通过公式计算绝对怀卵量。涉及的公式主要有:

存活率(survival rate, SR, %)=100×N2/N1;

增重率(weight gain rate, WGR, %)=100×(WtW0)/W0;

肥满度(condition factor, CF, g/cm3)=100× W/L3;

性腺指数(gonad somatic index, GSI, %)=100× WG/Wt;

绝对怀卵量(absolute fecundity, F,粒)=OG×WG;

相对怀卵量(relative fecundity, RF,粒/g)=F/Wt

式中,N1为试验鱼初始尾数,N2为试验鱼终末尾数,Wt为鱼终末体重(g), W0为鱼初始体重(g); W为取样鱼体重(g), L为取样鱼体长(cm), WG为鱼性腺重(g), OG为单位质量卵巢内的卵粒数(eggs/g), F为绝对怀卵量(粒)。

实验所得数据用Microsoft Excel 2021进行整理,用SPSS 17.0统计软件进行单因素方差分析(one-way ANOVA),当差异达到显著(P<0.05)时,采用Turkey法进行组间的多重比较。实验结果以平均值±标准差($\bar x \pm {\rm{SD}}$)表示。

2 结果与分析 2.1 饲料维生素E含量对彭泽鲫亲本生长的影响

饲料维生素E水平对彭泽鲫亲本生长的影响如表2。不同含量维生素E喂养对彭泽鲫亲本的终末体重和增重率无显著影响(P>0.05)。不同实验组彭泽鲫亲本的肥满度存在显著差异,即400 mg/kg组肥满度显著高于0 mg/kg组(P<0.05),但与1600 mg/kg组无显著差异(P>0.05)。

表2  饲料中添加不同含量维生素E的3个实验组中彭泽鲫亲本生长参数 Tab. 2  The growth parameters of Carassius auratus var. Pengze broodstock cultured at three groups with different contents of dietary vitamin E $\bar x \pm {\rm{SD}}$
2.2 饲料维生素E含量对彭泽鲫母本繁殖生物学参数的影响

维生素E对彭泽鲫亲本性腺指数、卵径和怀卵量影响见表3。400 mg/kg组性腺指数显著高于其余两组(P<0.05)。卵径在400 mg/kg组达到峰值为(674.58±19.08) μm,但与其余两组无显著差异(P>0.05)。相对怀卵量和绝对怀卵量也是在400 mg/kg组达到最高,在1600 mg/kg组略有下降,但各组之间无显著差异(P>0.05)。

表3  饲料中添加不同含量维生素E的3个实验组中彭泽鲫雌性亲本的繁殖生物学参数 Tab. 3  Reproductive parameters of Carassius auratus var. Pengze broodstock cultured at three groups with different contents of dietary vitamin E $\bar x \pm {\rm{SD}}$
2.3 饲料维生素E含量对彭泽鲫亲本血清和肝脏中激素指标及卵巢组织维生素E含量的影响

表4可知,饲料维生素E含量对彭泽鲫亲本血清和肝脏中的E2和PROG均无显著影响(P>0.05)。血清中,1600 mg/kg组VTG显著高于0 mg/kg组(P<0.05),但肝脏中VTG无显著差异(P>0.05)。肝脏组织中,1600 mg/kg组维生素E含量显著高于0 mg/kg组和400 mg/kg组(P<0.05),卵巢组织中400 mg/kg和1600 mg/kg组维生素E含量显著高于0 mg/kg组(P<0.05)。

表4  饲料中添加不同含量维生素E的3个实验组中彭泽鲫亲本血清和肝脏中激素指标及卵巢组织维生素E含量 Tab. 4  Hormone indexes in the serum and liver and vitamin E content in the ovary tissue of Carassius auratus var. Pengze broodstock cultured at three groups with different contents of dietary vitamin E $\bar x \pm {\rm{SD}}$
2.4 饲料维生素E含量对彭泽鲫亲本卵巢组织氨基酸含量的影响

表5可知,饲料中添加维生素E的实验组彭泽鲫亲本卵巢组织中必需氨基酸的总量显著增加,400 mg/kg组显著高于0 mg/kg组(P<0.05),其中缬氨酸(Val)、异亮氨酸(Ile)、苏氨酸(Thr)、赖氨酸(Lys)和总必需氨基酸均显著增加,但与1600 mg/kg组无显著差异(P>0.05)。1600 mg/kg组的组氨酸(His)、谷氨酸(Glu)和总氨基酸含量显著高于其余两组(P<0.05),各组之间非必需氨基酸总量无显著差异(P>0.05)。

表5  饲料中添加不同含量维生素E的3个实验组中彭泽鲫亲本的卵巢氨基酸组成(湿重) Tab. 5  Amino acid composition in the ovary of Carassius auratus var. Pengze broodstock cultured at three groups with different contents of dietary vitamin E (wet weight) %
2.5 饲料维生素E含量对彭泽鲫亲本卵巢组织脂肪酸组成的影响

表6可知,饲喂不同维生素E含量的彭泽鲫亲本卵巢脂肪酸组成种类基本一致,共检测出7种饱和脂肪酸(SFA)、4种单不饱和脂肪酸(MUFA)和8种多不饱和脂肪酸(PUFA),饱和脂肪酸(SFA)如C14∶0、C15∶0和C17∶0的含量各组间差异不显著(P>0.05),但不饱和脂肪酸的含量差异较大。随着饲料中维生素E水平的增加,彭泽鲫亲本卵巢组织中1600 mg/kg组C18∶3n6和ΣPUFA显著低于其余两组(P<0.05),而C22∶6n3 (DHA)和Σn-3PUFA在400 mg/kg组达到峰值,并显著高于0 mg/kg组(P<0.05),但与1600 mg/kg组无显著差异(P>0.05)。

表6  饲料中添加不同含量维生素E的3个实验组中彭泽鲫亲本卵巢脂肪酸组成 Tab. 6  Fatty acid composition of ovary in Carassius auratus var. Pengze broodstock cultured at three groups with different contents of dietary vitamin E %
2.6 饲料维生素E含量对彭泽鲫亲本血清免疫和抗氧化指标的影响

表7可知,饲料维生素E含量对彭泽鲫亲本血清中SOD和ALP均无显著影响(P>0.05)。400 mg/kg组和1600 mg/kg组CAT和ACP显著高于0 mg/kg组(P<0.05); MDA显著降低(P<0.05),但400 mg/kg组和1600 mg/kg组之间无显著差异(P>0.05); T-AOC和LZM在400 mg/kg组达到峰值,显著高于0 mg/kg组(P<0.05),但与1600 mg/kg组无显著差异(P>0.05)。

表7  饲料中添加不同含量维生素E的3个实验组中彭泽鲫亲本的血清免疫和抗氧化指标 Tab. 7  Serum immune and antioxidant indexes of Carassius auratus var. Pengze broodstock cultured at three groups with different contents of dietary vitamin E
2.7 饲料维生素E含量对彭泽鲫亲本肝抗氧化指标的影响

表8可知,饲料维生素E含量对彭泽鲫亲本肝脏中T-AOC和CAT均无显著影响(P>0.05)。SOD活性在400 mg/kg组中达到峰值,显著高于0 mg/kg (P<0.05),略高于1600 mg/kg组(P> 0.05)。随着饲料维生素E含量增加,400 mg/kg和1600 mg/kg MDA活性显著低于0 mg/kg组(P<0.05)。

表8  饲料中添加不同含量维生素E的3个实验组中彭泽鲫亲本肝脏中抗氧化指标 Tab. 8  Liver antioxidant indexes of Carassius auratus var. Pengze broodstock cultured at three groups with different contents of dietary vitamin E
3 讨论 3.1 饲料维生素E含量对彭泽鲫亲本生长和性腺发育的影响

有研究表明,饲料中添加适量维生素E可改善草鱼(Ctenopharyngodon idella)[17]、罗氏沼虾(Macrobrachium rosenbergii)[18]和尼罗罗非鱼[19]幼鱼等的增重率。但在本研究中,彭泽鲫亲本增重率无显著影响,这与黄颡鱼(Pelteobagrus fulvidraco)[20]幼鱼、香鱼(Plecoglossus altivelis)[21]仔稚鱼、沙氏若丽鱼(Pseudotropheus socolofi)[22]和黄金锦鲤(Cyprinus carpio var. Golden)[23]的研究结果类似,表明不同物种在不同生长阶段对维生素E的作用机制可能存在差异。在黄利娜[24]对大菱鲆的研究中发现,不同维生素E组对大菱鲆体重增长没有显著差异,但添加700 mg/kg维生素E组繁殖性能却都显著高于对照组,推测在繁殖期营养强化阶段,营养物质会优先运输到性腺,用于性腺发育以保证繁殖后代的需要,导致大菱鲆在增重方面表现不明显。本研究中也发现,添加400 mg/kg维生素E的饲料能显著提高性腺指数,卵径和怀卵量也达到峰值。随着维生素E添加量增加到1600 mg/kg,大多数性腺发育指标没有进一步增加。与本研究结果一致,岳华梅等[25]在黄鳝中也发现,添加适量维生素E能使性腺指数达到最高水平,并且更高浓度的维生素E则无法进一步提高性腺指数。宋光同等[26]研究表明,适量添加维生素E可以提高红螯螯虾(Cherax quadricarinatus)雌虾的性腺指数。在对纹唇骨唇鱼的研究中也发现,添加375 mg/kg的维生素E显著影响性腺指数和卵径[27]。此外,本研究发现,卵巢中的维生素E含量与性腺发育指标一致,400 mg/kg组中显著高于对照组,但增加至1600 mg/kg时,卵巢中的维生素E含量下降。在罗氏沼虾的研究也有类似发现,维生素E可以在卵巢中积累,使卵子和早期幼体中维持较高的维生素E含量,从而改善其繁殖性能[28]。因此,尽管维生素E对生长和增重率没有显著影响,但其可以显著提高彭泽鲫亲本的性腺发育和卵巢中维生素E的沉积,进而调控性腺的成熟和胚胎的发育[29]。然而,过量添加维生素E会抑制彭泽鲫亲本的性腺发育,类似的研究在虾中也有报道[30],可能的原因是水产动物在短时间内无法代谢并排出过量维生素E,导致其在体内蓄积并产生毒性作用[31]

3.2 饲料维生素E含量对彭泽鲫亲本卵巢组织氨基酸和脂肪酸组成的影响

胚胎发育、生长所需的能量和营养完全依赖卵黄,亲本的营养为卵黄提供全部或大多数的必需营养物质,氨基酸是调节鱼苗性腺发育的重要能源[32]。目前有大量研究证实,氨基酸含量会对水生动物性腺发育产生调控作用。研究发现Trp能促使其雄鱼精子提早成熟及雌鱼提前排卵[33]; Lys含量降低会导致卵黄中蛋白质含量显著降低[34];同样,有研究发现鱼体缺少Lys时,其产卵率和受精卵孵化率均出现降低[35]。Glu则与排氨、三羧酸循环及维生素E的抗氧化功能密切相关[36]。本研究中发现,饲料中适量添加维生素E可以显著提高卵子中Glu、Val、Ile、Thr和Lys等氨基酸的含量。性腺发育过程中,卵粒的成熟需要累积更多的氨基酸参与卵黄的生成,氨基酸积累量越高,卵巢成熟度就越高[37]

性腺在发育时,脂肪作为重要的细胞膜物质,为卵母细胞的生长提供物质基础,脂肪酸不仅可以调节一些类固醇激素的合成也可经氧化分解产生能量,为性腺发育提供必要的能量[38]。虽然PUFAs调控鱼类繁殖性能的机制十分复杂,但是有研究发现,LC-PUFAs、性类固醇激素水平是影响鱼类卵黄发生、卵巢成熟的两个重要因素[39],鱼类性腺在发育的过程中,机体中的LC-PUFAs通过代谢途径从脂肪组织经由血液转运至肝脏,从而促进肝合成卵黄蛋白原[40]。肝合成卵黄蛋白原不仅需要足够多的LC-PUFAs,还需要性类固醇激素的诱导作用才能完成[41]。在对彭泽鲫卵巢脂肪酸分析中发现,添加适量维生素E的实验组中高不饱和脂肪酸含量明显增加,尤其是Σn-3PUFA提高了28%, Σn-3PUFA是评价卵巢组织的重要指标。Luo等[42]报道,卵巢中n-3 PUFAs含量越高,西伯利亚鲟雌雄亲本的繁殖性能和后代的品质就越好。在对牙鲆的研究中发现,n-3 PUFAs能显著提高牙鲆的繁殖性能[43]。在斜带石斑亲鱼饵料中添加0.2%的维生素E时,受精卵中n-3PUFA的含量显著高于对照组[44]。n-3PUFA含量的增加与维生素E的抗氧化作用也有着直接的关系,卵巢脂肪酸来源于卵巢的转运,添加维生素E的亲鱼机体的抗氧化性增强,减少不饱和脂肪酸的氧化,进而促进动物的性腺成熟、受精、胚胎发育和孵化,从而保证胚胎发育顺利进行[31]。所以,饲料中添加适量维生素E可显著促进高不饱和脂肪酸在卵巢中的沉积,进一步证明维生素E对彭泽鲫亲本的卵巢发育有促进作用。

3.3 饲料维生素E含量对彭泽鲫亲本血清和肝脏中抗氧化指标的影响

鱼类在早期发育阶段对PUFA的需求较高,但由于其化学结构容易氧化,这种较高的PUFA需求增加了氧化应激的风险,鱼类胚胎并不具备抗氧化防御机制[45]。在这种情况下,鱼类发育和存活就依赖于卵黄储备中存在足够的抗氧化防御能力,这些抗氧化物质是在卵黄形成过程中由雌鱼沉积的。维生素E作为一种重要的脂溶性生物组织抗氧化剂和自由基清除剂,是防止PUFA过氧化的有效手段,能够保护细胞膜不受自由基侵害,提升机体免疫力和繁殖能力[46]。T-AOC的水平可以体现动物机体的总抗氧化能力,包括抗氧化酶系统和非酶促系统[47]。本研究中,400 mg/kg组血清T-AOC显著高于0 mg/kg组。但随着饲料维生素E含量增加到1600 mg/kg,血清T-AOC略有降低,与在胭脂鱼中观察到的现象一致[8]。这可能是由于摄入过多的维生素E导致其在体内不再起到抗氧化作用,反而会促进氧化[48],或是由于过多的维生素E抑制了抗氧化酶的活性,从而导致血清T-AOC下降[46],其机制尚不完全明确。Lee等[49]发现,斑节对虾(Penaeus monodon)血清超氧化物歧化酶活性随着维生素E添加量升高出现先升后降的趋势。而维生素E对皱纹盘鲍(Haliotis discus hannai)血清超氧化物歧化酶活性无显著影响[50]。黄金锦鲤的研究中也发现,随着维生素E含量的增加,其肝脏超氧化物歧化酶活性呈先升后降的趋势,而血清中超氧化物歧化酶活性无显著影响[23],该结果和本研究结果一致。过量自由基能诱发细胞膜中多不饱脂肪酸的过氧化,生成脂质过氧化物,并最终分解成丙二醛,因此,丙二醛含量既可作为机体脂质过氧化程度评判标准,也可间接反映机体自由基的产生与清除平衡系统、抗氧化酶活性及其抗氧化能力的强弱[51]。Garg等[52]发现饲料维生素E能显著降低丙二醛含量。本研究结果也显示,肝脏和血清中MDA含量均随着维生素E含量的增加而显著降低,最后趋于平稳。溶菌酶(LZM)是鱼类重要的非特异性免疫酶,饲料中添加适量的维生素E会增加军曹鱼(Rachycentron canadum)[53]、点带石斑鱼(Epinephelus malabaricus)[54]和黄颡鱼[55]的LZM活性。在本研究中也发现,添加400 mg/kg维生素E后,血清LZM的浓度显著上升。这说明饲料中添加适量的维生素E在提高彭泽鲫亲本性腺发育的同时,对其非特异性免疫能力也有显著的提高。

4 结论

综上所述,在本研究中,饲料中400 mg/kg的维生素E的添加量可显著提高彭泽鲫亲本的性腺指数和卵巢中维生素E含量,有利于氨基酸和脂肪酸的沉积并增加血清和肝脏中免疫和抗氧化酶活力,从而改善彭泽鲫亲本性腺发育。

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