The jumbo flying squid Dosidicus gigas is widely distributed in the eastern Pacific Ocean and has high value as one of the main economic cephalopods in China. This study combined fisheries data for D. gigas off Peru, obtained from the National Data Center of Distant-water Fisheries of China, in the eastern Pacific Ocean from 2012 to 2018, with environmental data including sea surface temperature (SST), sea surface salinity (SSS), chlorophyll-a (Chl-a), net primary production (NPP), photosynthetically active radiation (PAR), eddy kinetic energy (EKE), and sea level anomaly (SLA). We explored the temporal and spatial variation of D. gigas in fishing grounds over annual seasons using maximum entropy models (MaxEnt) to compare the effects of different environmental conditions. The results showed that the focus of fishing moved northward from January to August and southward from September to December. Longitudinally, the focus of fishing moved back and forth between 80°W and 82°W, consistent with changes in the suitability of habitat. Moreover, the key environmental factors selected were different, based on their contribution rate each month, among which SST, SSS, NPP, and PAR had major effects on habitat. According to the optimal environmental ranges obtained from the response curves of these key environmental factors, the range of suitable environments significantly overlapped with that of suitable habitats. The results indicated that the maximum entropy model was highly accurate at predicting the population abundance of D. gigas off Peru, which showed obvious monthly variations and were significantly affected by environmental factors.