Artemia is an important live feed in shrimp larviculture. In this study, Artemia nauplii hatched from commercial Artemia cyst products originating from the Great Salt Lake in the USA, Aibi Lake in Xinjiang, China, Shuanghu Lake in Tibet, China, and Bohai Bay salt ponds in China were fed to Litopenaeus vannamei postlarvae (PLs) to evaluate the effects of Artemia feeding on growth, muscle composition, and resistance to ammonia nitrogen and salinity stress on the shrimps. L. vannamei PL5 were randomly divided into four groups. Each group contained three replicate tanks in which 1000 PLs were stocked at a density of 50 PLs/L. The PLs were fed newly hatched Artemia nauplii from different origins. The initial feeding ratio was 100 Artemia/(PL·d), which increased by 10% per day during the 15-day culture period. The results showed a significant difference in biometrics and nutritional composition of Artemia cysts and nauplii from different origins. Those from Shuanghu had the largest cyst diameter, Instar I nauplii length, individual dry weight, and the greatest crude protein and crude fat content. Additionally, they had the greatest arachidonic acid (ARA), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) content in shrimp muscles. Although feeding Artemia nauplii from different origins did not result in a significant difference in survival rates, body length, muscle crude protein, or crude fat content of the PLs (P＞0.05), significantly higher ARA, EPA, and DHA content was observed in the muscles of shrimp that were fed with Shuanghu Artemia nauplii (P＜0.05). Furthermore, the highest total superoxide dismutase (T-SOD) activity was obtained in the hepatopancreas of shrimp that were fed with Shuanghu Artemia nauplii, whereas the highest acid phosphatase (ACP) activity was observed when feeding Aibi Artemia (P＜0.05). There was no significant difference in alkaline phosphatase activity among the groups (P＞0.05). Moreover, the shrimps that were fed with Shuanghu and Aibi Artemia had better resistance to high salinity and ammonia nitrogen stress, which may be related to the higher DHA and EPA content and higher T-SOD and ACP levels in the shrimps. The outcome of this study provided evidence for the effective application of Artemia with different origins in L. vannamei larviculture.