Illex argentinus is a short-lived cephalopods species, and its resource abundance were sensitive to environment variation. Mesoscale eddies are the main dynamics in its habitat sea area, which cause the variation of environment. In order to investigate the characteristics of eddies in Patagonia sea area and the relationship between I. argentinus resources and mesoscale eddies in the sea area, The angular momentum eddy detection and tracking algorithm (AMEDA) was utilized to identify mesoscale eddies in Patagonia from 2013 to 2019, and analyze the temporal and spatial characteristics of the eddies in this region. Based on the fishery data of Argentine shortfin squid Illex argentinus and eddy data, the characteristics of the suitable environment within a twofold radius (±2R) of the anticyclonic and cyclonic eddies were determined, and the relationship between mesoscale eddies and fishery resources was revealed. During the study period, there were 2262 eddies with a complete life cycle, and they were mainly distributed in the Falkland current basin and its vicinity. The number of cyclonic eddies was slightly less than the number of anticyclonic eddies, but the lifespan, radius, velocity, and abundance of fishery resources were higher for cyclonic eddies than for anticyclonic eddies. The abundance of fishery resources was higher at the edge of the twofold radius of the eddies than in the inner area of the eddies, and the high abundance values significantly appeared on the west side of the cyclonic eddies and the northwest and southeast sides of the anticyclonic eddies. The distribution patterns of sea surface temperature, seawater temperature at a depth of 200 m, and chlorophyll-a concentration were consistent with the fishery resource abundance in the area of the twofold radius of the anticyclonic and cyclonic eddies in the fishing ground. Suitable environmental conditions occurred more frequently within gas vortices predominantly along the edges of the cyclonic eddy. These results provide crucial scientific insights into the role of marine mesoscale eddies in ecosystems, while elucidating their impact on fishery resources.