中国水产科学  2022, Vol. 29 Issue (07): 994-1001  DOI: 10.12264/JFSC2021-0426
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引用本文 

赵蕊蕊, 徐胜勇. 绒杜父鱼全基因组survey分析及微卫星分布特征[J]. 中国水产科学, 2022, 29(7): 994-1001. DOI: 10.12264/JFSC2021-0426.
ZHAO Ruirui, XU Shengyong. Whole-genome analysis and microsatellite distribution characteristics of Hemitripterus villosus[J]. Journal of Fishery Sciences of China, 2022, 29(7): 994-1001. DOI: 10.12264/JFSC2021-0426.

基金项目

国家重点研发计划项目(2017YFA0604902);舟山市科技局专项(2019C21027).

作者简介

赵蕊蕊(1997–),女,硕士研究生,研究方向为渔业资源养护与利用. E-mail: 3245828525@qq.com

通信作者

通信作者:徐胜勇,副研究员,研究方向为渔业资源生物学. E-mail: kevin890223@163.com

文章历史

收稿日期:2021-09-08
修改日期:2022-01-06
绒杜父鱼全基因组survey分析及微卫星分布特征
赵蕊蕊1,徐胜勇1,     
1. 浙江海洋大学水产学院,浙江 舟山 316022
摘要:绒杜父鱼(Hemitripterus villosus)为西北太平洋近海重要的经济鱼类,近年来其渔业资源呈现过度开发及衰退的趋势。为评估绒杜父鱼基因组基本信息,开发基因组范围内遗传标记,以期为资源管理和保护工作提供参考,本研究对绒杜父鱼开展全基因组survey分析,k-mer分析表明绒杜父鱼基因组大小约为713.18 Mb,杂合率为0.26%,重复序列的比例为38.61%。基因组初步组装结果显示,Contig N50和Scaffold N50分别为7433 bp、19388 bp。在整个基因组范围内,总共检测到583498个微卫星位点,相对丰度为1010个/Mb。其中二碱基重复比例最高(55.61%),单碱基重复次之(33.39%)。在二、三碱基重复中主要是AC/GT和AGG/CCT类型,微卫星重复拷贝数主要集中在5~17次。研究结果表明,绒杜父鱼基因组为简单基因组,可以用“Illumina+PacBio+Hi−C”的测序策略组装出高质量全基因组序列,而经过筛选的微卫星位点也能为后续的遗传学研究提供有效的分子标记。本研究结果可以为绒杜父鱼进化生物学和遗传学研究提供基础资料。
关键词绒杜父鱼    高通量测序技术    全基因组survey    微卫星标记    
Whole-genome analysis and microsatellite distribution characteristics of Hemitripterus villosus
ZHAO Ruirui1,XU Shengyong,1    
1. Fishery College, Zhejiang Ocean University, Zhoushan 316022, China
Abstract:The sea raven, Hemitripterus villosus, is a common species in the northwestern Pacific Ocean. Owing to the significant role of the sea raven in the flesh and caviar industries, it has become one of the economically important species in China, Korea, and Russia. Owing to the decrease in resources for sturgeons in the caviar industry, sea raven is one of the best alternative candidates. However, due to anthropogenic activities, such as overfishing and pollution, the fishery resources for sea raven have been overexploited and have declined in recent years. Further, due to limited biological and genetic information on this species in Chinese coastal waters, the development of resource management and conservation, as well as fisheries and related processing industries, have been markedly restricted. To obtain useful genetic information to implement sound management and conservation plan, whole-genome analysis based on high-throughput sequencing data was performed to estimate basic genomic information and develop genome-wide genetic markers of this species at low cost. Genomic information was estimated based on the k-mer distribution pattern (k=17) using GCE v1.0.0 software. The genome sequence was then assembled to contig and scaffold levels using SOAPdenovo v2.01 software, with k=41. Subsequently, genome-wide microsatellite motifs were identified using MISA software. Primers were designed using Primer3 software. A total of 52.04 Gb of clean sequencing data was generated. K-mer analysis revealed that the genome size of H. villosus was approximately 713.18 Mb, with a heterozygosity rate of 0.26% and repeat sequence rate of 38.61%. Based on preliminary genome assembly results, the Contig N50 and Scaffold N50 were 7433 bp and 19 388 bp, respectively, with a final sequence size of approximately 577 Mb and GC content of 43.49%. The levels of continuity and completeness of this assembly were low; hence, further studies are needed for improved high-quality genome assembly. Based on the assembled genome sequence, 583 498 microsatellite motifs were detected throughout the genome, with a relative abundance of 1010 microsatellite motifs per Mb. Among them, the ratio of dinucleotides was the highest (55.61%), followed by that of mononucleotides (33.39%). AC/GT and AGG/CCT were dominant in the dinucleotides and trinucleotide repeats, respectively, and the repeated copy number of microsatellites mainly ranged from 5 to 17 times. To preliminarily validate the effectiveness of identifying microsatellites, ten motifs were randomly selected for primer design. After PCR amplification and electrophoresis detection, nine microsatellite motifs were successfully amplified. However, further confirmation is still needed to validate the effectiveness of identifying microsatellites and their polymorphisms at the population level. The genome survey results revealed a simple genome of H. villosus, which could be assembled using the sequencing strategy of "Illumina+PacBio+Hi-C" to generate a high-quality chromosomal level genome assembly. The screened microsatellite loci could also be used as effective molecular markers for subsequent genetic studies. Owing to the limitations of our study, further analyses are needed to improve the quality of genome assembly, confirm the effectiveness of the identified microsatellite loci in population genetic studies, and conduct comparative analyses between samples from different geographic localities. The findings of this study provide not only basic information for evolutionary biology and genetic assessments of the sea raven, H. villosus, but also scientific references for fishery and germplasm resource management and conservation from a genetic perspective.
Key words Hemitripterus villosus     high-throughput sequencing    whole-genome analysis    microsatellite marker    

高通量测序技术(high-throughput sequencing, HTS)的发展为大规模基因组学研究提供了技术先导[1],使得鱼类基因组学研究从斑马鱼等模式物种不断深入[2],目前已报道了多达50余种鱼类[3]的全基因组测序结果。基于Illumina测序技术的全基因组survey分析,即基因组大小和复杂程度的研究,是通过对没有参考基因组序列的物种进行小片段低深度测序,基于Lander-Waterman模型进行k-mer分析,根据k-mer频率和深度的统计结果,在较低的测序成本下预估基因组的大小、杂合度及重复序列等信息,得出的结果可进一步指导后续的建库策略和测序数据量,为高质量的全基因组组装提供基础资料[3-8]。在海洋鱼类中,张永德等[5]对卵形鲳鲹(Trachinotus ovatus)基因组学进行了初步研究,预估基因组大小为642.68 Mb,杂合率和重复序列比例分别为0.31%、30.19%,为其高质量全基因组组装工作提供基础资料;Xu等[6]对褐斑鲬(Platycephalus sp.1)雌雄个体开展全基因组survey分析,测得雌雄个体基因组大小,并推断褐斑鲬可能为雄异配型(XX/XY),为后续比较基因组学和进化生物学研究提供科学资料。同时,全基因组survey分析也可在全基因组范围内识别并开发微卫星标记(microsatellite markers),微卫星标记已广泛应用于种群遗传学分析、遗传图谱构建、亲缘关系鉴定等[9]研究领域。相对于传统微卫星标记的开发流程,高通量测序数据下的微卫星标记开发工作具有低成本、高效率、高产出等优点,相关研究已在动植物中广泛开展,例如王耀嵘等[10]利用全基因组survey数据识别出390967个微卫星标记,为金钱鱼(Scatophagus argus)种质资源管理、种群遗传学及保护生物学提供大量的数据支撑;Zhou等[11]从盾叶薯蓣(Dioscorea zingiberensis)基因组中检测到419372个微卫星位点,为遗传图谱构建工作提供数据和思路。

绒杜父鱼(Hemitripterus villosus)隶属于鲈形目(Perciformes)、杜父鱼亚目(Cottoidei)、八角鱼科(Agonidae)、绒杜父鱼亚科(Hemitripteridae),属于底栖肉食性鱼类,主要分布在西北太平洋近海海域[12]。因其肉质紧实鲜美、鱼子营养价值高[13],成为中国、韩国、俄罗斯等近海重要经济鱼类[12,14]。随着鲟、鳇类自然资源的日渐衰退[15],绒杜父鱼可作为重要的替代鱼种用于鱼子酱产业[16]。然而,受近海海域过度捕捞、生态环境恶化等的影响[17-18],绒杜父鱼资源量也呈现衰退趋势[16],因此,亟需开展绒杜父鱼种质管理和资源保护工作。目前,俄罗斯、韩国等国已陆续开展了有关绒杜父鱼的研究,而中国的相关研究较少,且研究内容以生理生态[19]及生物学[20-23]为主,分子遗传学数据和信息的缺乏[14,24]严重限制了绒杜父鱼进化生物学和种质资源保护工作的开展,同时对其渔业资源管理工作也具有一定的影响。本研究利用高通量测序技术对绒杜父鱼开展全基因组survey分析,评估其基因组大小、杂合度及重复序列比例等基本信息,为绒杜父鱼进化和保护生物学研究提供基础资料;同时基于高通量测序数据在全基因组范围内识别微卫星标记,为绒杜父鱼遗传学和种质资源研究提供合适的分子标记。

1 材料与方法 1.1 样本采集

本研究所用绒杜父鱼样品于2020年3月采自浙江舟山近海海域。采用形态学和DNA条形码两种方法进行物种鉴定。形态学指标(如鳍条数、侧线鳞数等)及形态学描述参考《中国海洋鱼类》[25];选择线粒体12S ribosomal RNA (12S rRNA)片段为DNA条形码[26],通过与National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI)数据库中相关序列信息进行BLAST分析,将覆盖度(query cover)和一致性(percent identity)均大于99.0%作为物种鉴定的主要依据。经形态学和DNA条形码鉴定后,取肌肉组织用95%乙醇溶液固定后,存于−80 ℃超低温冰箱中待用。

1.2 高通量测序

使用苯酚-氯仿法提取绒杜父鱼基因组DNA。使用Covaris超声波破碎仪对基因组DNA进行片段化处理,筛选合适长度的DNA片段,经末端修复、添加测序接头后构建350 bp的DNA文库,之后使用Illumina HiSeq4000测序平台进行双末端(paired-end)的测序。高通量测序文库构建和测序工作均委托北京诺禾致源科技股份有限公司进行。对原始下机数据(raw data)进行数据质控和过滤后,最终得到有效数据(clean data)用于后续生物信息学分析。

1.3 数据分析

使用GCE V1.0.0[27]软件进行k-mer分析,基于k-mer分析的结果,估算基因组的大小并评估杂合率和重复序列比例。使用SOAPdenovo v2.01[28]软件将clean data拼接组装至Contig和Scaffold级别(k=41),并统计组装结果信息。

使用MISA脚本(MISA, http://pgrc.ipk- gatersleben.de/misa/)对组装好的基因组序列进行微卫星位点筛选,统计1~6碱基重复的数量、频率等信息,在设置参数时分别设定10、6、5、5、5、5为1~6碱基重复最小值。使用Primer3软件[29]进行引物设计,并随机选取10对引物,经引物合成、PCR扩增后,利用琼脂糖凝胶电泳验证微卫星位点和对应引物的有效性。

2 结果与分析 2.1 测序数据量统计

本研究采用NGS技术进行测序,对该物种插入片段为350 bp的文库进行基因组测序,共获得原始数据(raw data) 52.36 Gb,过滤之后共获得有效数据(clean data) 52.04 Gb, GC含量为43.13%。测序数据错误率为0.04%,测序质量值Q20和Q30分别为95.99%和90.85%,表明测序质量较高,满足后续基因组survey分析要求。

2.2 17-mer分析

对clean data进行k-mer分析以评估绒杜父鱼基因组大小及其杂合率和重复比例。选取k-mer的大小为17,通过统计分析,预估绒杜父鱼基因组大小为728.52 Mb,排除错误k-mer的误差影响后,得到修正的基因组大小为713.18 Mb,基因组杂合率为0.26%,重复序列的比例为38.61%。

2.3 基因组初步组装

使用SOAPdenovo软件对绒杜父鱼全基因组进行初步组装。选择k-mer=41将基因组组装至Contig和Scaffold级别。绒杜父鱼基因组初步组装结果见表1。最终组装的绒杜父鱼基因组全长为577 386 707 bp,约为预估基因组大小的80.96%。其中Contig N50和Scaffold N50的长度分别是7433 bp和19 388 bp, Scaffolds长度大于100 bp以及大于2 kb的序列数量分别为205 339和42 158。初步组装的绒杜父鱼基因组GC含量为43.49%。

表1  绒杜父鱼基因组初步组装结果 Tab. 1  Preliminary assembly results of the genome of Hemitripterus villosus
2.4 基因组微卫星位点分析

利用MISA软件对绒杜父鱼初步组装的基因组序列开展微卫星标记筛选和识别。结果共检测到583498个微卫星位点,检测到的微卫星位点分布在97637条序列中,其微卫星相对丰度估计为1010/Mb个微卫星位点。对各类型微卫星位点进行统计,结果显示33.39% (194850/583498)的微卫星标记为单碱基,55.61% (324502/583498)为二碱基,8.27% (48264/583498)为三碱基,2.19% (12800/583498)为四碱基,0.30% (1769/583498)为五碱基,0.23% (1313/583498)为六碱基。其中二碱基重复的数量是最高的,六碱基重复的数量是最低的,整体呈现出重复位点的频率与重复基序长度成反比的结果。这与Xu等[8]、Srivastava等[30]的研究结果相一致,均显示微卫星标记以二碱基重复为主。绒杜父鱼基因组中的微卫星重复次数的变化范围为5~70次,其中二碱基重复AC/GT重复次数范围最广(6~70次),重复次数在5~17处(微卫星数量>20000)较为集中(图1),占所检测到的微卫星位点的比例约为88.41%。6次重复的微卫星数量最多,为75671,其次为10次重复,为75334 (图1b)。绒杜父鱼微卫星分布情况总体呈现随重复次数的增加微卫星的数目下降的趋势,这与Chen等[31]的综述结论相一致。在绒杜父鱼基因组中,同种碱基基序中不同的微卫星位点也有很大差别(图2)。考虑到五碱基和六碱基重复微卫星数量相对较少,作者对单碱基重复数量大于5000 (重复次数为10~17次)、二碱基重复数量大于5000 (重复次数为6~17次)、三碱基重复数量大于1000 (重复次数为5~12次)、四碱基重复数量大于1000 (重复次数为5~9次),结果显示在单碱基重复中,A/T重复单元频率较C/G重复单元高得多(图2a);二碱基重复中,AC/GT所占比例最高,而CG/CG比例最低(图2b);三碱基重复中,AGG/CCT数量最多,其次为AAT/ATT,而ACG/CGT数量最少(图2c);四碱基重复中,ACAG/CTGT、ACAT/ATGT、ACGC/CGTG、AGTA/ATCT、AGGG/CCCT和ATCC/ATGG的数量均大于1000,而AACG/CGTT、AAGC/CTTG、ATCG/ATCG、CCGG/CCGG数量较少,均小于10 (图2d)。为验证识别的微卫星位点的有效性,我们随机选取了10个微卫星位点进行PCR扩增和电泳检测,琼脂糖凝胶电泳结果显示PCR扩增成功率为90%,表明MISA软件识别的微卫星位点具有一定的有效性,然而微卫星位点的多态性仍需通过进一步群体分析确定。

3 讨论 3.1 绒杜父鱼基因组的基本特征

本研究首次采用全基因组survey,对绒杜父鱼全基因组信息进行评估,同时在基因组范围内识别出大量微卫星位点,研究结果可为绒杜父鱼进化生物学、保护遗传学和渔业资源管理等工作提供参考资料。k-mer分析结果表明,绒杜父鱼基因组大小为713.18 Mb,物种的差异造成不同物种相关基因组信息的不同,相较于已报道的近缘种海洋鱼类基因组大小,绒杜父鱼基因组较褐菖鲉(Sebastiscus marmoratus)[8](812.86 Mb)、许氏平鲉(Sebastes schlegelii)(846.36 Mb)、朝鲜平鲉(Sebastes koreanus)(832.53 Mb)、金斑平鲉(Sebastes nudus)[32](813.12 Mb)的基因组较小,但与褐斑鲬(Platycephalus sp.1)[6](雌:684.15 Mb;雄:674.96 Mb)、松江鲈(Trachidermus fasciatus)[33] (652 Mb)相比,基因组较大,这可能与以上海洋鱼类基因组重复序列比例有关。相比较而言,绒杜父鱼基因组的重复序列比例为38.61%,较褐斑鲬[6] (雌:29.96%;雄:29.23%)高,但均低于菖鲉属及平鲉属鱼类(重复序列比例均大于39.65%)[6,8,32]。此外,绒杜父鱼杂合率为0.26%,其杂合度相较于褐斑鲬[6](雌:0.76%,雄:0.77%)和金斑平鲉(0.31%)较低,但与许氏平鲉(0.22%)、朝鲜平鲉[32] (0.20%)相当。基因组survey评估结果表明,绒杜父鱼基因组应属于简单基因组类型。本研究基因组survey分析结果可以为后续的绒杜父鱼高质量基因组组装工作提供基础资料。

图1  绒杜父鱼基因组各类型碱基微卫星重复次数变化曲线 Fig. 1  Repeated frequency statistics of different types of microsatellites in the genome of Hemitripterus villosus
图2  绒杜父鱼基因组1–4碱基微卫星重复次数统计 Fig. 2  Repeated frequency of 1–4 types of microsatellites in the genome of Hemitripterus villosus

绒杜父鱼的初步组装结果表明,Contig N50和Scaffold N50分别为7433 bp、19388 bp。组装效果与朝鲜平鲉(Contig N50 7261 bp, Scaffold N50 16255 bp)相当[32],与其他近缘种基因组初步组装结果相比较好[6,8,32],尤其较褐菖鲉和褐斑鲬的组装效果好(Contig N50<1790 bp, Scaffold N50< 4362 bp)[6,8]。但与其他已报道的硬骨鱼类基因组组装效果[3-4,7]相比较,绒杜父鱼基因组初步组装的N50长度较短,整体序列组装的连续性较差,尚不能满足其进化生物学研究工作的要求,建议后续采用“Illumina+PacBio+Hi−C”组合技术构建染色体水平的全基因组序列。然而,本研究获得的组装序列仍可用于开发基因组范围内SNP位点及超保守序列元件(ultraconserved element, UCE),以开展杜父鱼科鱼类系统基因组学研究[34]

3.2 绒杜父鱼的SSR分布特征

本研究获得绒杜父鱼基因组中微卫星的相对丰度为1010个/Mb,与已报道的金钱鱼(Scatophagus argus)[10](653个/Mb)、中华绒螯蟹(Eriocheir sinensis)[35](572个/Mb)、褐菖鲉[8](314.6个/Mb)、卵形鲳鲹[5](295.8个/Mb)等研究相比较高,考虑到以上研究中未统计单碱基重复微卫星的数量,笔者推断绒杜父鱼较高的微卫星相对丰度可能与单碱基重复数量有关,进一步去除单碱基重复数量(194 850个)后,统计得到微卫星相对丰度约为673个/Mb,这与金钱鱼基因组微卫星丰度[10]相当,但仍较褐菖鲉等鱼类高得多。较高的微卫星相对丰度可能与基因组重复序列比例及组装质量有关。通常认为重复序列比例较高的基因组所含微卫星数量较多,但由于组装质量较差,序列片段化程度较高,可能会导致识别的微卫星位点较少。例如,绒杜父鱼基因组重复序列比例较褐菖鲉低,但由于褐菖鲉组装质量较差(Contig N50= 674 bp),其识别的微卫星数量相对较少[8]。绒杜父鱼基因组微卫星分布以二碱基重复占据绝对优势(55.61%),同Labbé等[36]提出在多数基因组中短碱基重复基元(1~3)的序列更为丰富相一致,且与已发表的金钱鱼[10]、中华绒螯蟹[35]等的研究结果相同。绒杜父鱼基因组范围的微卫星位点主要集中在5~17次重复,表明微卫星数量随着重复次数增加而逐渐减少的趋势,这可能与微卫星位点长度的不断增加使得稳定性降低或由于碱基基元不断重复出现更高的突变现象有关[37]。另外,本研究共识别到微卫星位点583498个,其中单碱基的重复基元中A/T占多数,这与松江鲈[33]、中华绒螯蟹[35]等的研究结果相同,倪守胜等[38]提出A/T重复比例更高的原因是DNA的复制滑动和重组机制。绒杜父鱼基因组微卫星位点中频率最高的是二碱基重复,主要以AC/GT、AG/CT重复单元为主,而CG/CG仅占二碱基重复的0.31%。在脊椎动物中,GT和AC是二碱基重复基元中最常见的[39],这可能是绒杜父鱼基因组微卫星位点中AC/GT数量最多的原因。本研究利用生物信息学方法在全基因组范围内识别绒杜父鱼微卫星位点,研究结果不仅可以为后续微卫星开发提供基础信息,也能为其基因组特征的研究提供材料。

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