中国水产科学  2022, Vol. 29 Issue (08): 1160-1167  DOI: 10.12264/JFSC2022-0144
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引用本文 

张杰, 韩琪琪, 李春静, 赵燕静, 孔祥会. 黄芪多糖对淇河鲫生长性能、抗氧化功能及抗病力的影响[J]. 中国水产科学, 2022, 29(8): 1160-1167. DOI: 10.12264/JFSC2022-0144.
ZHANG Jie, HAN Qiqi, LI Chunjing, ZHAO Yanjing, KONG Xianghui. Effects of Astragalus polysaccharides on the growth performance, antioxidant parameters, and disease resistance of Qihe crucian carp (Carassius auratus)[J]. Journal of Fishery Sciences of China, 2022, 29(8): 1160-1167. DOI: 10.12264/JFSC2022-0144.

基金项目

河南省科技攻关计划项目(202102110258);河南省高等学校重点科研项目(21A240002).

作者简介

张杰(1984–),女,博士,讲师,研究方向为鱼类分子免疫与疾病防控. E-mail: zhangjie-2005@163.com

通信作者

通信作者:孔祥会,教授,研究方向为水产动物免疫与疾病防控. E-mail:xhkong@htu.edu.cn

文章历史

收稿日期:2022-04-18
修改日期:2022-05-09
黄芪多糖对淇河鲫生长性能、抗氧化功能及抗病力的影响
张杰1,韩琪琪1,李春静1,赵燕静1,孔祥会1,     
1. 河南师范大学水产学院,水产动物疾病控制河南省工程实验室,河南 新乡 453007
摘要:将淇河鲫(Carassius auratus)随机分为4组,分别以普通饲料、黄芪多糖添加量为500 mg/kg、1000 mg/kg、1500 mg/kg的饲料进行投喂,42 d后检测其生长性能、脏器指数和肝脏抗氧化酶活性(总超氧化物歧化酶、过氧化氢酶、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶)及嗜水气单胞菌(Aeromonas hydrophila)攻毒后淇河鲫的存活率。实验结果显示,不同剂量的黄芪多糖可显著(P<0.05)增加淇河鲫增重率和特定生长率;黄芪多糖添加后淇河鲫肾脏指数和脾脏指数无变化,仅1000 mg/kg黄芪多糖添加组肝脏指数显著高于对照组(P<0.05);黄芪多糖能显著增加淇河鲫肝脏SOD、CAT和GPx活性,降低肝脏MDA含量(P<0.05);不同剂量黄芪多糖添加后均可提高淇河鲫在嗜水气单胞菌攻毒后的存活率,且1000 mg/kg添加组抗菌效果最好,96 h后淇河鲫存活率为75%。上述结果表明,黄芪多糖可促进淇河鲫生长,增强其抗氧化能力,从而提高其抵御细菌感染的抗病力。综合分析和评估,在水产养殖淇河鲫幼鱼饲料中黄芪多糖适宜添加量为1000 mg/kg,可有效防控鱼类感染嗜水气单胞菌疾病的发生。
关键词黄芪多糖    淇河鲫    生长性能    抗氧化    抗病力    
Effects of Astragalus polysaccharides on the growth performance, antioxidant parameters, and disease resistance of Qihe crucian carp (Carassius auratus)
ZHANG Jie1,HAN Qiqi1,LI Chunjing1,ZHAO Yanjing1,KONG Xianghui,1    
1. Engineering Laboratory of Henan Province for Aquatic Animal Disease Control, College of Fisheries, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China
Abstract: Astragalus polysaccharide (APS) is a soluble polysaccharide extracted from the root of Astragalus membranaceus that exerts many biological effects such as antibacterial and antioxidant effects, enhancing immunity and improving growth performance. To evaluate the potential effects of APS in Qihe crucian carp (Carassius auratus) as an immunopotentiator, the growth performance, viscera somatic index, antioxidant capability, and disease resistance of Qihe crucian carp administrated with APS were investigated in the present study. The experimental fish were randomly divided into four groups (30 fish per group with 3 repeats) and a 42 d growth trial was conducted. For the test groups (APS-1, APS-2, APS-3), fish were fed with basal diet supplemented with 500, 1,000, and 1,500 mg/kg APS, respectively. Meanwhile, the fish in the control group (CT) were fed with basal diet. The results show that dietary APS can increase the body weight growth rate (WGR) significantly (P<0.05). The WGR in APS-3 group was highest and significantly higher than in the APS-1 or APS-2 group (P<0.05). The specific growth rate of Qihe crucian carp was higher in the three test groups than in the control, but there was no significant difference among the APS-1, APS-2, and APS-3 groups, and there was no significant difference between the test groups and the control in feed conversion ratio. Previous studies suggested that APS could increase the viscera somatic index and promote the development and maturity of immune organs, thereby enhancing the immunity of organisms. However, the present study observed no significant difference in the kidney index or spleen index, and the liver index was significantly greater only in the Qihe crucian carp with the APS additive of 1000 mg/kg (APS-2 group) than in the control. This result indicates that APS additive of 1000 mg/kg could promote the development of the liver in Qihe crucian carp. Moreover, the enzymic activities of superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) in the liver of fish in three test groups were higher than in the control. The highest values of SOD and GPx activities were presented in the APS-2 group, and were 46.6 U/mL and 41.8 U/mL, respectively. However, the activity of CAT in APS-2 group was the lowest among the three test groups, although it was significantly higher than in the control (P<0.05). Additionally, the content of malondialdehyde (MDA) in the liver of Qihe crucian carp was significantly lower in three test groups than that in the control (P<0.05), and the MDA content in APS-2 group was the lowest at 8.2 nmol/L. Therefore, APS additive in diets can enhance the antioxidant capacity of Qihe crucian carp, remove excessive reactive oxygen species, thus reduce oxidative damage, and decrease the content of MDA, which is the end product of lipid peroxidation. After challenge with Aeromonas hydrophila, the survival rate of Qihe crucian carp fed with APS additive was higher than that of the control. The survival rate of the fish fed with APS additive of 1,000 mg/kg was highest among three test groups at 75% after 96 h post infection. In conclusion, APS additive could improve the disease resistance of Qihe crucian carp against bacterial infection by promoting growth and increasing the antioxidant capability. Based on the comprehensive analyses of the results of this study, the appropriate dose of APS additive was 1000 mg/kg in feed of Qihe crucian cap, which could effectively prevent and control the fish diseases caused by A. hydrophila in aquaculture.
Key words Astragalus polysaccharide    Qihe crucian carp    growth performance    antioxidant capability    disease resistance    

淇河鲫(Qihe crucian carp, Carassius auratus)为天然三倍体鲫,主要分布于豫北淇河,因其肉质鲜美,营养价值高且全面,而备受人们喜爱。然而,近年来随着养殖规模的不断扩大,高密度集约化的养殖方式导致鱼类免疫力下降,病害频繁发生,给养殖户造成了严重损失。我国水产养殖病害防治目前仍以化学药物为主,不但会引起耐药性问题,也给生态安全和食品安全带来隐患。因此,应用免疫防治技术与方法,通过提高鱼类机体免疫力来达到有效预防疾病就显得格外重要。

在水产养殖中,使用单味中草药、方剂及其某种单一成分来预防疾病、改善免疫力已成为一种全球趋势[1-4]。研究表明,中草药可以改善鱼体肉质、促生长、改善肠道菌群[5-8]。但是由于中草药成分复杂,越来越多的研究转向于探究单一有效成分的作用。黄芪属补气类中药,具有“补气第一”之称,黄芪多糖(Astragalus polysaccharide, APS)是从黄芪根中提取的可溶性多糖,具有抗菌、抗病毒、抗氧化、增强免疫功能、提高生长性能等作用,因此被广泛地用于水产动物疾病防控研究[9-12]。目前已报道饲料中添加黄芪多糖能增强尼罗罗非鱼(Oreochromis niloticus)[13]、大黄鱼(Larimichthys crocea)[14]、乌鳢(Channa argus)[15]、黄颡鱼(Pelteobagrus fulvidraco)[16]、草鱼(Ctenopharyngodon idellus)[17]、厚唇鲃(Catla catla)[18]等多种鱼类的非特异性免疫功能,从而提高鱼体抗病力。

本研究将黄芪多糖按不同剂量(500 mg/kg、1000 mg/kg、1500 mg/kg)分别添加到饲料中喂养淇河鲫,探究其对淇河鲫生长性能、抗氧化功能及抗病力的影响,可为黄芪多糖在鱼类养殖生产中的应用提供理论参考。

1 材料与方法 1.1 实验材料

实验用淇河鲫购自河南省淇县淇河鲫原种场。

黄芪多糖购自北京索莱宝科技有限公司,纯度≥98%。PBS配置成不同浓度的溶液均匀喷洒于膨化饲料表面并混匀,阴凉处晾干,4 ℃保存备用。

1.2 实验设计与饲养管理 1.2.1 实验设计

选取规格一致的淇河鲫,初始体重为(14±3) g,体长(8±1) cm。随机分为4组,驯化7 d后开始实验,实验周期为42 d。选用“通威”牌鲫鱼配合饲料为基础日粮,基本组分见表1。实验组分别为普通饲料组(CT组)、500 mg/kg (每kg饲料喷洒黄芪多糖500 mg)黄芪多糖组(APS-1组)、1000 mg/kg黄芪多糖组(APS-2组)以及1500 mg/kg黄芪多糖组(APS-3组),每组30尾鱼。实验设3个平行。

1.2.2 饲养管理

实验期间24 h不间断充氧,保证水中溶解氧含量为(6.0±0.2) mg/L,水温保持在(24±1) ℃。每天8:00、13:00和18:00定时定点投喂,投料量为鱼体重的1%,投料30 min后吸除残饵及桶底排泄物,每天换水一次。

表1  基础饲料主要营养成分 Tab. 1  Nutrients composition of basal diet %
1.3 样品采集与测定 1.3.1 样品采集

含黄芪多糖的饲料投喂42 d后,逐一称量淇河鲫体重。每组随机取10尾鱼,100 mg/L间氨基苯甲酸乙酯甲磺酸盐(MS-222)麻醉后,分别取肝脏、脾脏和肾脏,在0.65%的生理盐水中洗去浮血,吸水纸吸去水分后称重。其中肝脏称重后用于测定抗氧化酶活性及丙二醛(MDA)含量。

1.3.2 抗氧化指标测定

在预冷的0.65%生理盐水中洗去肝脏浮血,滤纸吸干后,称取适量组织,按质量∶体积=1∶9 (g/mL)的比例加入生理盐水进行组织匀浆。4 ℃, 12000 r/min离心15 min,吸取上清,–80 ℃保存备用。

超氧化物歧化酶(superoxide dismutase, SOD)活性、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(glutathione peroxidase, GPx)活性、过氧化氢酶(catalase, CAT)活性和丙二醛(malondialdehyde, MDA)含量均采用南京建成生物工程研究所试剂盒进行测定,操作步骤详见试剂盒说明书。SOD活性定义为:每毫升反应液中SOD抑制率达50%时所对应的酶量为1个SOD活性单位(U); GPx活性定义为:每0.1 mL反应液在37 ℃反应5 min,扣除非酶促反应作用,使反应体系中谷胱甘肽浓度降低1 μmol/L为1个活性单位;CAT活性定义为:每分钟每毫克蛋白降低0.01为1个酶活性单位。

1.3.3 生长性能及脏器指数测定

按以下公式计算增重率(weight gain rate, WGR)、特定生长率(specific growth rate, SGR)、饲料系数(feed conversion ratio, FCR)及脏器指数(viscera somatic index, VSI):

增重率(%)=(终末体重–初始体重)/初始体重× 100

特定生长率(%)=(ln终末体重–ln初始体重)/天数×100

饲料系数=摄食量(g)/鱼体重增加量(g)

脏器指数(%)=器官重量/鱼体重×100

1.4 攻毒实验

黄芪多糖投喂42 d后,经1.3.1样品采集后每组剩余的20尾鱼用于攻毒实验。每尾鱼腹腔注射浓度为(3.3×107) cfu/mL的嗜水气单胞菌(Aeromonas hydrophila)悬液100 μL,对照组腹腔注射0.65%的生理盐水100 μL,观察并记录各组鱼的死亡情况,参照以下公式计算存活率(survival rate, SR)。

存活率(%)=终末存活尾数/初始投放尾数×100

1.5 数据分析

实验结果以平均值±标准差($\bar{x}\pm \text{SD}$)表示,用SPSS 20.0软件进行单因素方差分析,采用Duncan法比较数据间差异显著性,P<0.05为差异显著;用GraphPad Prism 5软件作图。

2 结果与分析 2.1 黄芪多糖对淇河鲫生长性能的影响

淇河鲫经过42 d养殖实验后,黄芪多糖对各组鱼生长性能的影响见表2。结果显示,不同剂量的黄芪多糖均能显著提高淇河鲫的增重率(P< 0.05),且随黄芪多糖剂量的增加增重率逐渐增大,APS-3组淇河鲫增重率为128.2%,显著高于APS-1组(116.3%)和APS-2组(117.9%)(P<0.05)。黄芪多糖各投喂组淇河鲫特定生长率均高于对照组,且随着黄芪多糖剂量的增加有升高的趋势,但是各组之间无显著性差异。黄芪多糖添加后,饲料系数有下降的趋势,但是与普通饲料组相比差异并不显著。

2.2 黄芪多糖对淇河鲫免疫器官指数的影响

黄芪多糖投喂后淇河鲫肝脏指数高于对照组,如表3所示,其中APS-2组最高且与对照组差异显著(P<0.05)。但肾脏指数和脾脏指数在黄芪多糖投喂组及对照组之间没有差异。

2.3 黄芪多糖对淇河鲫抗氧化指标的影响

饲料中添加黄芪多糖后可显著提高淇河鲫肝脏抗氧化酶活性,随着黄芪多糖剂量的增加SOD和GPx活性均呈现出先上升后下降的趋势(表4)。APS-2组SOD和GPx活性最高,分别为46.6 U/mL和41.8 U/mL。与此相比,CAT活性变化趋势有所不同,APS-2组活性较低,为33.9 U/mL,但仍显著高于对照组(P<0.05)。此外,如表4所示,添加黄芪多糖后淇河鲫肝脏中丙二醛含量显著低于普通饲料组(P<0.05), APS-2组含量最低,为8.2 nmol/L。

2.4 黄芪多糖对淇河鲫抗病力的影响

不同剂量黄芪多糖添加后均可提高淇河鲫在嗜水气单胞菌攻毒后的存活率(图1),最高的为APS-2组,48 h后存活率维持在75%,此时普通饲料组淇河鲫存活率仅为20%; APS-1组和APS-3组淇河鲫的存活率比较接近,72 h后均维持在50%。

表2  不同剂量黄芪多糖对淇河鲫生长性能的影响 Tab. 2  Effects of different dose of APS on growth performance of Carassius auratusn=10; $\bar{x}\pm \text{SD}$
表3  不同剂量黄芪多糖对淇河鲫脏器指数的影响 Tab. 3  Effects of different dose of APS on viscera somatic index of Carassius auratus %; n=10; $\bar{x}\pm \text{SD}$
表4  不同剂量黄芪多糖对淇河鲫肝脏抗氧化指标的影响 Tab. 4  Effects of different dose of APS on antioxidant parameters in liver of Carassius auratusn=10; $\bar{x}\pm \text{SD}$
图1  黄芪多糖对淇河鲫存活率的影响 Fig. 1  Effect of APS on survival rate of Carassius auratus
3 讨论 3.1 黄芪多糖对淇河鲫生长性能的影响

增重率、特定生长率和饲料系数是评价动物对于饲料的利用效率及判断其生长性能高低的基础数据和重要指标。研究表明,黄芪多糖能提高动物的生长速率和营养物质利用率[19-21]。在齐口裂腹鱼(Schizothorax prenanti)基础饲料中分别添加0.02%、0.04%、0.06%、0.08%的黄芪多糖,养殖50 d后发现,黄芪多糖添加组齐口裂腹鱼的增重率、特定生长率、饲料蛋白效率均显著高于对照组,饲料系数则显著低于对照组[22]。乌鳢饲料中添加500~2000 mg/kg的黄芪多糖养殖56 d后,增重率和特定生长率显著增加,饲料系数降低[15]。本研究中,黄芪多糖添加组中淇河鲫的增重率和特定生长率均高于对照组,与上述结果一致,但饲料系数与对照组相比虽然有下降的趋势,但是差异并不显著,与尖吻鲈(Lates calcarifer)中的研究一致[21],可能是受养殖方式及实验周期影响所致。此外,有研究发现鲫鱼苗(体重为1.04 g±0.05 g)饲料中分别添加不同浓度的黄芪多糖,养殖60 d后,50 mg/kg和100 mg/kg添加组,除鲫的增重率和特定生长率之外,饲料系数也显著高于对照组,继续增加黄芪多糖剂量至150 mg/kg添加组,鲫的生长性能反而出现回落,与对照组无显著差异[23]。此结果与本研究有差异,黄芪多糖添加量也低于本研究所使用剂量,原因可能是不同生长阶段的鱼体对黄芪多糖的响应和利用有所不同,也可能与本研究黄芪多糖添加方式有关。本研究中,采用喷洒于饲料表面的方式添加黄芪多糖,可能会影响其有效添加剂量。然而,在实际生产中,养殖户经常采用此方式添加动保产品,因此本研究黄芪多糖的补充方式更接近于生产实践,对其在水产养殖中的应用更具参考价值。

3.2 黄芪多糖对淇河鲫免疫器官指数的影响

免疫器官指数是指动物免疫器官重量与体重的比值,同时也是判断机体发育功能和健康状况的重要指标之一,免疫器官的重量和发育直接影响机体的免疫力。小鼠连续灌胃黄芪多糖14 d后,其脾脏和胸腺指数均明显升高[24]。饲料中添加黄芪多糖亦可明显增加罗非鱼免疫器官(胸腺、头肾和脾脏)重量[25]。由此可知,黄芪多糖可增加动物的免疫器官指数,促进免疫器官的发育和成熟,进而增强机体免疫力。然而,本研究中黄芪多糖添加组淇河鲫的脾脏指数和肾脏指数与对照组相比并没有变化,具体原因还需进一步研究。肝脏是营养物质重要的代谢与贮存器官,也是重要的解毒中心,同时还在免疫应答中发挥重要作用,因此该器官的发育程度同样可影响机体免疫力。本实验结果表明,1000 mg/kg黄芪多糖能显著增加肝脏重量,促进肝脏发育。吉富罗非鱼(Oreochromis niloticus)饲料中添加烟酸同样可显著提高鱼体的肝脏指数[26]。但是,肝脏指数的增加也可能是由于肝脏肿大、脂肪沉积过多所引起,因此,在饲料中添加黄芪多糖除了增强鱼体免疫力之外,同时也应注意是否存在造成肝脏损伤的风险。

3.3 黄芪多糖对淇河鲫抗氧化指标的影响

在生物进化过程中,机体由于新陈代谢和其他生命活动产生活性氧自由基(reactive oxygen species, ROS),但过量的ROS会对机体造成损伤。为了清除体内过量的ROS,生物体在长期的进化过程中形成了一套完善的抗氧化体系,主要包括酶类抗氧化体系和非酶类抗氧化体系。酶类抗氧化体系主要包括SOD、CAT以及GPx,可清除胞内过量的ROS,保护细胞免受氧化损伤[27]。MDA是细胞膜脂质过氧化的产物,其含量可反映膜脂质过氧化的程度,是膜系统受伤害的重要指标之一[27]

研究表明,黄芪多糖可不同程度地增强机体抗氧化酶活性。乌鳢饲料中添加不同剂量黄芪多糖后,血清SOD、CAT和GPx活性均有不同程度的升高,MDA含量有所下降[15]。草鱼饲料中添加1000 mg/kg的黄芪多糖喂养8周后,肠道和肝脏CAT活性均明显升高,但SOD活性没有明显变化[16]。黄芪多糖可增强大菱鲆(Scophthalmus maximus)肝脏总抗氧化能力和GPx活性,但对SOD和CAT活性无明显影响[28]。投喂不同剂量黄芪多糖后,鲫鱼苗血清中SOD、CAT和GPx活性均显著高于对照组[23]。为进一步探究黄芪多糖对鲫的不同生长阶段、不同组织器官中抗氧化能力的影响,本研究以淇河鲫幼鱼为实验对象,投喂黄芪多糖后,取肝脏(作为机体重要代谢器官和代谢酶活性调节中心)用于测定抗氧化指标的变化,结果表明SOD、CAT和GPx活性与对照组相比均明显升高,MDA含量下降,与前人研究结果一致。综上所述,尽管黄芪多糖对不同鱼类抗氧化酶活性影响有所不同,但总体上仍可增强鱼体抗氧化能力,从而清除体内过量的ROS,减少氧化损伤,降低机体MDA含量,并且对不同生长阶段鲫血清和肝脏中抗氧化能力的影响相同。

3.4 黄芪多糖对攻毒后淇河鲫存活率的影响

嗜水气单胞菌为革兰氏阴性细菌,可引起许多淡水鱼类细菌性出血病,其传播速度快、发病范围广,是淡水鱼类暴发性传染病最主要的病原菌之一[29]。研究表明,黄芪多糖可改善因嗜水气单胞菌感染导致的草鱼肝脏的病理变化,并且可显著降低肝脏中细菌载量[16]。嗜水气单胞菌感染后,黄芪多糖投喂组大口黑鲈(Micropterus salmoides) 14 d的累积死亡率显著低于普通饲料组[30]。王煜恒等[31]的研究也发现黄芪多糖可降低杂交醴经嗜水气单胞菌攻毒后的累积死亡率。本研究结果表明,不同剂量黄芪多糖添加后均能提高嗜水气单胞菌攻毒后淇河鲫的存活率,与前人研究结果一致。由此可见,黄芪多糖可提高鱼体对嗜水气单胞菌的抵御能力,提高攻毒后鱼体的存活率。

4 结论

饲料中添加不同剂量的黄芪多糖能不同程度地促进淇河鲫生长,增强其抗氧化能力以及抗病力。基于本研究的结果,综合分析和评估,淇河鲫饲料配制中推荐黄芪多糖的适宜添加量为1000 mg/kg,可用于水产养殖中防控嗜水气单胞菌感染所致鱼类疾病的发生。

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