中国水产科学  2024, Vol. 31 Issue (01): 29-39  DOI: 10.12264/JFSC2023-0281
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引用本文 

夏瑛, 黄晓荣, 刘鉴毅, 张涛, 庄平, 赵峰. 盐度驯化对雌性日本鳗鲡形态特征及性腺发育的影响[J]. 中国水产科学, 2024, 31(1): 29-39. DOI: 10.12264/JFSC2023-0281.
XIA Ying, HUANG Xiaorong, LIU Jianyi, ZHANG Tao, ZHUANG Ping, ZHAO Feng. Effects of salinity acclimation on morphological characteristics and gonadal development of female Anguilla japonica[J]. Journal of Fishery Sciences of China, 2024, 31(1): 29-39. DOI: 10.12264/JFSC2023-0281.

基金项目

中央级公益性科研院所基本科研业务费专项资金资助项目(2022XT02,2023TD14).

作者简介

夏瑛(1997‒),女,硕士研究生,研究方向为鱼类繁殖生物学. E-mail:yxia28@163.com

通信作者

通信作者:赵峰,研究员,研究方向为渔业资源生态与保护利用. E-mail:zhaof@ecsf.ac.cn

文章历史

收稿日期:2023-10-24
修改日期:2023-12-22
盐度驯化对雌性日本鳗鲡形态特征及性腺发育的影响
夏瑛1,2,黄晓荣1,2,刘鉴毅1,2,张涛1,2,庄平1,2,赵峰1,2,     
1. 上海海洋大学水产与生命学院,上海 201306
2. 中国水产科学研究院东海水产研究所,农业农村部东海渔业资源开发利用重点实验室,上海 200090
摘要:为查明盐度驯化对5龄雌性日本鳗鲡(Anguilla japonica)形态特征及性腺发育的影响,通过150 d的模拟盐度驯化实验,分析雌鳗在不同盐度驯化下的形态特征和性腺发育状况。结果显示,从盐度0~35依次驯化至90 d(在盐度15、25、35依次分别驯化30 d)时,雌鳗的胸围(PC)、胸鳍指数(PI)、性体指数(GSI)和肝脏指数(LI)随盐度的升高均显著增加(P<0.05);而消化道指数(DTI)和眼径指数(EI)随盐度的升高均无明显变化(P>0.05)。通过对卵巢切片观察发现,雌鳗的卵母细胞直径(OD)随盐度的升高显著上升(P<0.05),但卵母细胞始终处于脂肪泡时期。在盐度35中继续驯化,发现雌鳗在第90、120和150天的上述7项指标在各盐度组间均不存在显著性差异(P>0.05)。为了解流水对雌鳗性腺发育的影响,设置了同步盐度驯化的流水组。结果显示,在整个盐度驯化过程中,流水组雌鳗7项指标的变化趋势与静水组一致,除卵母细胞直径(OD)外的其他6项指标与同一驯化盐度下的静水组均无显著性差异(P>0.05)。流水组的卵母细胞直径(OD)均显著高于同一驯化盐度下的静水组(P<0.05),且在盐度35驯化30 d后,流水组的卵母细胞进入初级卵黄球时期,卵母细胞直径达到(161.97±7.46)μm,显著高于静水组的(140.46±9.36)μm(P<0.05)。通过对静水组和流水组雌鳗血清中促性腺激素含量的测定发现,整个盐度驯化期间,静水组和流水组雌鳗在各盐度下的黄体生成素(LH)含量均无显著性变化(P>0.05),流水组雌鳗的LH含量与同一盐度下静水组也无显著差异(P>0.05)。盐度驯化对静水组和流水组雌鳗的卵泡刺激素(FSH)均有显著性影响,经盐度35驯化30 d后,流水组FSH含量达(39.66±1.78)U/L,显著高于静水组的(36.97±1.52)U/L(P<0.05)。综上表明,盐度是雌性日本鳗鲡性腺发育的重要启动因子,流水刺激能够加速卵母细胞的早期发育,促进FSH的合成。研究结果可为日本鳗鲡繁殖生物学研究提供基础资料。
关键词日本鳗鲡    盐度驯化    形态特征    性腺发育    促性腺激素    
Effects of salinity acclimation on morphological characteristics and gonadal development of female Anguilla japonica
XIA Ying1,2,HUANG Xiaorong1,2,LIU Jianyi1,2,ZHANG Tao1,2,ZHUANG Ping1,2,ZHAO Feng,1,2    
1. College of Fisheries and Life Science, Shanghai Ocean University, Shanghai 201306, China
2. Key Laboratory of East China Sea Fishery Resources Exploitation, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs; East China Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Shanghai 200090, China
Abstract:The effects of salinity acclimation on the morphological characteristics and gonadal development of 5-year-old female Japanese eels (Anguilla japonica) were investigated. A 150-day salinity acclimation experiment was conducted to analyze the morphological features and gonadal development of female eels under different salinity conditions. The results showed that, as salinity increased from 0 to 35 over a period of 90 d (with 30 d of acclimation at salinities 15, 25, and 35, respectively), the pectoral circumference (PC), pectoral fin index (PI), gonadosomatic index (GSI), and liver index (LI) of female eels significantly increased (P<0.05), while the digestive tract index (DTI) and eye diameter index (EI) showed no significant changes with increasing salinity (P>0.05). Ovarian histological observations revealed a significant increase in oocyte diameter (OD) with increasing salinity (P<0.05), although the oocytes remained in the oil droplet stage. After continued acclimation to salinity 35, no significant differences were observed in the aforementioned seven indices at 90, 120, and 150 d (P>0.05). To investigate the effects of flowing water on female eel gonadal development, a flowing water group was acclimated to varying salinities. The results showed that the trends of changes in the seven indicators in the flowing water group of female Japanese eels during the salinity acclimation process were consistent with those of the still water group. Except for OD, the other six indicators in the flowing water group at the same acclimation salinity level showed no significant differences compared with the still water group (P>0.05). The OD in the flowing water group was significantly larger than that in the still water group at the same salinity (P<0.05). After 30 d of acclimation at salinity 35, oocytes in the flowing water group entered the primary yolk globule stage, with an oocyte diameter of (161.97±7.46) μm, which was significantly larger than that of the still water group at (140.46±9.36) μm. Determination of gonadotropin levels in the serum of female eels in the still water and flowing water groups revealed that during the entire salinity acclimation period, no significant changes were present in luteinizing hormone (LH) levels at various salinities for both still water and flowing water groups (P>0.05). The LH levels of female eels in the flowing water group were not significantly different from those in the still water group at the same salinity level (P>0.05). Salinity acclimation had a significant impact on follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) levels in both the still- and flow-water groups. After 30 d of acclimation to a salinity of 35, the FSH level in the flowing water group reached (39.66±1.78) U/L, which was significantly higher than that in the still water group (36.97±1.52) U/L (P<0.05). In summary, salinity is a crucial triggering factor for the gonadal development of female Japanese eels, and the stimulation of flowing water accelerates the early development of oocytes, promoting the synthesis of follicle-stimulating hormones. These findings provide fundamental data and reference information for reproductive biology research on Japanese eels.
Key words Anguilla japonica     salinity acclimation    morphological characteristics    gonadal development    gonadotrophic hormone    

日本鳗鲡(Anguilla japonica)也称鳗鲡,是典型的长距离降海洄游型鱼类,在淡水中生长,海水中繁殖[1]。通常,每年10—12月,鳗鲡亲本开始进行降海生殖洄游,性腺在洄游期间逐步发育成熟,于次年3—4月在西北太平洋地区的马里亚纳群岛西部附近水域进行产卵活动[2-3]。有学者通过耳石推算法估算出鳗鲡性腺发育需要150~180 d[4]。作为东亚地区最有价值的物种之一,鳗鲡的市场需求较高。但由于对早期鳗苗资源的过度捕捞和不断恶化的环境条件,鳗鲡现处于极度濒危的状态[5]。尽管日本在2010年初步实现了鳗鲡的全人工繁殖,但在人工条件下实现亲鳗性腺的良好发育尤为困难。有报道指出,长江靖江河段的野生降海鳗鲡的性腺能发育到初级卵黄球阶段[6]。然而,在人工养殖条件下,若始终在淡水中养殖,鳗鲡的性腺不能发育[7]。在不同梯度的恒定盐度中驯养2个月,雌鳗的卵母细胞能发育到脂肪泡时期[8]。同时,有研究发现,雌性欧洲鳗鲡(Anguilla anguilla)在一定的流速中游动数周后,其眼径、性腺重和卵母细胞直径均显著增加,且卵母细胞进入脂肪泡时期[9-11]。鳗鲡的性腺发育受到促性腺激素(gonadotrophic hormone, GtH)的调节,GtH主要包括卵泡刺激素(follicle-stimulating hormone, FSH)和黄体生成素(luteinizing hormone, LH)。其中,FSH主要通过刺激性类固醇激素的合成,在鳗鲡性腺发育的早期阶段发挥重要的促进作用[2,12]; LH通过刺激17α-20β-双羟孕酮(DHP)的合成,在性腺发育后期促进卵巢的最终成熟[13-14]

目前,日本鳗鲡的降海洄游路线存在3种假说[15]: (1) 鳗鲡在从日本迁徙的初始阶段沿着北部黑潮向东移动,然后向南迁移到产卵区[16]; (2) 鳗鲡穿过黑潮,从它们的物种范围内地区直接迁移到它们的产卵区[17]; (3) 鳗鲡通过向黑潮和北赤道洋流的上游方向游泳到达产卵区[18]。从以上3种假说中不难发现,无论自然条件下经历的是哪条迁移路线,在淡水中生长的鳗鲡在降海生殖洄游的过程中,都会经过从淡水到河口半咸水再到海水区的盐度变化过程。我国长江流域生长的鳗鲡在生殖洄游过程中离开河口后,在东海大陆架会经历水体盐度从25到盐度35的转变[19]。离开东海大陆架进入西太平洋后,鳗鲡亲体所经历的水体盐度稳定在35左右[20],该盐度与远洋调查中马里亚纳海沟西部产卵场的盐度接近[21]。在生殖洄游期间,鳗鲡除经历不同水体盐度外,还经历着流水刺激。通过分离式卫星标志研究发现,鳗鲡在黑潮中的游泳速度为17.48 cm/s[22]

本研究通过模拟鳗鲡生殖洄游过程中的盐度变化,同时设置同步盐度驯化的流水组,研究盐度驯化中静水和流水对鳗鲡形态特征、性腺发育及促性腺激素的影响,为鳗鲡繁殖生物学研究提供基础资料和参考。

1 材料与方法 1.1 材料

实验用鱼为购自清流县龙源生态水产养殖场人工池塘养殖的5龄雌性鳗鲡,全长(74.24±6.37) cm、体重(709.03±141.08) g。雌鳗从养殖场运回实验室后,放入曝气淡水中暂养7 d。

1.2 实验设计

实验开始前,雌鳗使用曝气淡水养殖150 d后,其形态特征和性腺发育与初始对照组均无显著性差异,在此基础上开展盐度驯化的正式实验。为了解流水对雌鳗性腺发育的影响,本实验除设置不同盐度驯化的静水组外,还设置了同步盐度驯化的流水组。96尾雌鳗随机分为静水组和流水组,放入直径1.8 m、高1.2 m、容积2000 L的圆形玻璃钢桶中。静水组和流水组各设3个平行组,每桶16尾鱼。实验开始前,每组从平行组中随机取6尾雌鳗,作为该组的对照组(盐度0)。随后流水组中开启恒定功率的直流泵,使流速保持在(27.5± 7.50) cm/s。在第1、30、60天将流水组和静水组的盐度同步直接调整为15、25、35,使静水组和流水组雌鳗均在盐度15、25、35中依次驯化30、30、90 d,每30 d在盐度调整前对各组随机采样6尾。实验期间,不投喂饵料,在玻璃钢桶的上方均用黑色遮阳网进行遮光处理,水温控制在(20±0.5) ℃,溶解氧≥6.5mg/L, pH7.3~7.4。

1.3 生物学数据采集和组织学观察

每次采样后,用0.05%的丁香酚麻醉雌鳗。从雌鳗尾静脉抽取血液,凝固离心,吸取上层血清,保存于−80 ℃冰箱内待用试剂盒(江苏科特生物科技有限公司)检测促性腺激素含量。测量全长、体重、胸鳍长、垂直眼径和水平眼径、胸围(PC)等形态学数据;解剖测量性腺重、消化道重(消化道包括胃和肠)以及肝脏重。依据公式计算雌鳗的形态学和性腺发育的相关指数[23-24]: (1) 胸鳍指数(PI)=胸鳍长(cm)/全长(cm); (2) 眼径指数(EI)= {[(垂直眼径+水平眼径)/4×π/全长(cm)}×100%; (3) 性体指数(GSI)=性腺重(g)/体重(g)×100%; (4) 消化道指数(DTI)=消化道重(g)/体重(g)×100%; (5) 肝脏指数(LI)=肝脏重(g)/体重(g)×100%。

取部分性腺组织用4%多聚甲醛固定24 h以上,采用石蜡切片法,将固定好的性腺用石蜡包埋,以厚度5 μm进行连续切片,HE染色,在光学显微镜下观察和拍照。使用TUSEM软件测量雌鳗的卵母细胞直径(OD),平均卵母细胞直径(OD)的计算参考Mikawa等[25]的方法。雌鳗卵母细胞发育分期参考林鼎等[26]和Yamamoto等[27]的方法,以切片中相应时相卵母细胞占比超过60%作为划分标准。

1.4 数据统计

用SPSS 26.0软件对实验数据进行分析,使用单因素方差分析(one-way ANOVA)分别对静水组和流水组在不同盐度驯化阶段下的形态特征、性腺发育及促性腺激素含量进行显著性差异分析,采用LSD和Duncan’s进行多重比较,P<0.05认为差异显著;同时使用独立样本T检验对流水组与静水组在同一驯化盐度下的形态特征、性腺发育及促性腺激素含量进行显著性差异分析,P<0.05认为差异显著。分析结果用平均值±标准差($\bar x \pm {\rm{SD}}$)表示。

2 结果与分析 2.1 盐度驯化下静水组和流水组中雌鳗的生长情况

整个实验期间,静水组和流水组的雌鳗存活率均为100%。盐度驯化对静水组和流水组雌鳗的体长(TL)、体重(BW)和体长/体重(TL/BW)均无显著性影响(P>0.05)(表1)。静水组中雌鳗的TL、BW和TL/BW在同一盐度下均与流水组也无显著性差异(P>0.05)。

表1  盐度驯化下静水组与流水组中雌鳗的生长情况 Tab. 1  Growth conditions of female Anguilla japonica in still water group and flowing water group under salinity acclimation
2.2 盐度驯化下静水组和流水组中雌鳗的形态特征

盐度驯化对静水组和流水组中雌鳗的胸围(PC)和胸鳍指数(PI)均有显著影响(P<0.05)(表2)。从盐度0~35依次驯化至90 d时,静水组和流水组雌鳗的PC和PI均随盐度的升高而显著增加;在盐度35中继续驯化至150 d时,静水组和流水组雌鳗的PC和PI虽均小幅上升,在第150天均达最大,但两组在盐度35中雌鳗的PC和PI均不存在显著性差异(P>0.05)。盐度驯化虽对静水组和流水组雌鳗的眼径指数(EI)均无显著影响(P>0.05),但两组雌鳗的EI均随盐度的升高呈递增趋势。盐度驯化过程中,静水组雌鳗的PC、PI和EI在同一盐度下与流水组均无显著性差异(P>0.05)。

表2  盐度驯化下静水组与流水组中雌鳗的形态学指标 Tab. 2  Morphological indices of female Anguilla japonica in still water group and flowing water group under salinity acclimation
2.3 盐度驯化下静水组与流水组中雌鳗性腺发育相关指数特征

盐度驯化对静水组和流水组中雌鳗的消化道指数(DTI)均无显著性影响(P>0.05),但对两组雌鳗的性体指数(GSI)和肝脏指数(LI)均有显著性影响(P<0.05)(表3)。从盐度0~35依次驯化至90 d时,静水组和流水组雌鳗的GSI和LI均随盐度的升高而显著增加(P<0.05)。在盐度35中继续驯化至150 d时,静水组和流水组雌鳗的GSI和LI虽小幅上升,在第150天均达到最大,但两组在盐度35中雌鳗的GSI和LI均不存在显著性差异(P>0.05)。盐度驯化过程中,静水组雌鳗的GSI、DTI和LI与同一盐度下的流水组均无显著性差异(P>0.05)。

表3  盐度驯化下静水组与流水组中雌鳗的性腺发育相关指数 Tab. 3  Gonadal development-related indices of female Anguilla japonica in still water group and flowing water group under salinity acclimation
2.4 盐度驯化下静水组与流水组中雌鳗卵巢的组织学结构

盐度驯化对静水组和流水组中雌鳗的卵母细胞发育均有显著性影响(P<0.05)(表4图1)。从盐度0~35依次驯化至90 d时,静水组和流水组雌鳗的卵母细胞直径(OD)均随盐度的升高而显著增加。期间,静水组中雌鳗的卵母细胞虽始终处于脂肪泡时期,但随着直径逐渐变大,细胞核中大核仁逐渐裂解(图1a-c);小核仁的数目逐渐增加,体积变小并紧贴核膜内侧分布(图1d-f);脂肪泡随着卵母细胞发育逐渐由细胞核向外呈环状延伸,数量增加(图1b-d)。流水组中雌鳗的卵母细胞在驯化期间的发育趋势与静水组基本一致。不同的是,流水组雌鳗的OD显著高于同一盐度下的静水组(P<0.05);并在盐度35驯化30 d后,卵母细胞由前期的脂肪泡时期进入到初级卵黄球时期,其最明显的特征是在细胞膜的周边开始出现卵黄球,并在细胞膜内侧呈环状分布,此时的脂肪泡充满整个细胞质(图1j)。

表4  盐度驯化下静水组与流水组中雌鳗卵母细胞直径与发育时相变化 Tab. 4  Changes in the diameter and developmental phases of female Anguilla japonica oocytes in still water group and flowing water group under salinity acclimation.
图1  盐度驯化下静水组与流水组中雌鳗的卵巢组织切片图a–f为静水组在不同盐度驯化阶段下的卵母细胞光学显微镜图片;g–l为流水组在不同盐度驯化阶段下的卵母细胞光学显微镜图片. a、g:示盐度0下的卵母细胞(对照组); b、h:示盐度15驯化后的卵母细胞(第30天取样); c、i:示盐度25驯化后的卵母细胞(第60天取样); d、j:示盐度35驯化后的卵母细胞(第90天取样); e、k:盐度35驯化后的卵母细胞(第120天取样); f、l:盐度35驯化后的卵母细胞(第150天取样). NC:细胞核;LN:大核仁;SN:小核仁;OD:脂肪泡;YG:卵黄球. Fig. 1  Photomicrographs of histological sections for female Anguilla japonica ovary in still water group and flowing water group under salinity acclimationa-f show histological micrograph of oocytes in still water group at different salinity acclimation stages. g-l show histological micrograph of oocytes in flowing water group at different salinity acclimation stages. a、g: oocytes at salinity 0 (control group); b、h: salinity 15 acclimated oocytes (Sampled on day 30); c、i: salinity 25 acclimated oocytes (Sampled on day 60); d、j: salinity 35 acclimated oocytes (Sampled on day 90); e、k: salinity 35 acclimated oocytes (Sampled on day 120); f、l: salinity 35 acclimated oocytes (Sampled on day 150). NC: nucleus; LN: large nucleoli; SN:small nucleoli; OD: oil drop; YG: yolk globule.

在盐度35中继续驯化至150 d时,静水组和流水组雌鳗的OD虽均小幅增加,在第150天均达到最大,分别为(143.64±9.56) μm和(164.75± 9.35) μm,但两组在盐度35中雌鳗的OD均不存在显著性差异(P>0.05),且卵母细胞所处发育阶段均未发生变化,分别在脂肪泡时期与初级卵黄球时期(表4图1d-f图1j-l)。

2.5 盐度驯化下静水组与流水组中雌鳗血清促性腺激素含量的变化

盐度驯化对静水组和流水组中雌鳗血清的黄体生成素(LH)含量均无显著影响(P>0.05)(表5)。整个盐度驯化期间,静水组雌鳗的LH含量与同一盐度下的流水组也无显著差异(P>0.05)。盐度驯化对静水组和流水组中雌鳗的卵泡刺激素(FSH)含量均有显著影响(P<0.05)。经盐度15驯化30 d后,静水组中雌鳗的FSH含量与初始淡水组相比呈显著升高,达(36.79±3.09) U/L (P<0.05),但与静水组后续各驯化盐度下均不存在显著差异(P>0.05)。从盐度0~25依次驯化至60 d时,流水组各盐度下的FSH无显著差异(P>0.05)。驯化盐度调整为35后,流水组的FSH含量比盐度25显著增加(P<0.05),达(39.66±1.78) U/L,但驯化盐度35各流水组的FSH含量均无显著性差异(P>0.05)。整个盐度驯化过程中,流水组雌鳗的FSH含量与同一盐度下的静水组均呈显著差异(P<0.05)。经盐度35驯化后,流水组雌鳗的FSH含量均显著高于同一驯化时期的静水组(P<0.05)。

表5  盐度驯化下静水组与流水组中雌鳗促性腺激素含量的变化情况 Tab. 5  Changes in the gonadotropin levels of female Anguilla japonica serum in still water group and flowing water group under salinity acclimation
3 讨论 3.1 盐度驯化及水流对鳗鲡形态特征和生长的影响

作为降海产卵型鱼类,鳗鲡在生殖洄游过程中会经历各种环境因子的变化,形态上也会随之发生相应变化。如鳗鲡从淡水进入到半咸水的河口水域后,体色加深,眼径变大以及胸鳍变长,以适应后续海水中黑暗及高渗透压的环境[28]。大量研究表明,鳗鲡的胸围、胸鳍长和眼径的变化与其性腺发育有着密切的关系[29-31]。郭弘艺等[32]通过对长江口鳗鲡降海繁殖群体进行研究发现,鳗鲡性腺发育过程中的眼径和胸鳍长呈递增趋势。

本研究中,整个驯化期间,静水组与流水组中雌鳗的存活率为100%。静水组和流水组的体长(TL)、体重(BW)和体长/体重(TL/BW)在各驯化阶段均无显著性差异,静水组的上述3个指标与同一盐度下的流水组也无显著性差异。这表明本研究中鳗鲡的存活和生长不受驯化盐度和水流刺激的影响。从盐度0~35依次驯化至90 d时,静水组和流水组雌鳗的胸围(PC)、胸鳍指数(PI)和眼径指数(EI)均随盐度的升高呈递增趋势,而预实验中经过150 d淡水养殖的雌鳗在这些形态指标上无显著性差异,这表明一定范围内盐度的升高能够促进鳗鲡的形态发育。整个盐度驯化过程中,同一盐度下静水组与流水组雌鳗的PC、PI和EI均无显著性差异,表明鳗鲡的形态学变化主要受盐度而非流水的影响。

3.2 盐度驯化对鳗鲡性腺发育及促性腺激素的影响

盐度对海水鱼类的性腺发育具有重要影响[33]。翟毅[34]采用不同盐度处理性成熟(IV期和V期)的雌性金钱鱼(Scatophagus argus) 20 d后,在盐度25时其卵巢的发育时期无变化,但在盐度5和盐度35中处理一段时间后,卵巢均退化至II期和III期。鲻(Mugil cephalus)一直在淡水中养殖,性腺不能成熟,但经过一段时间的海水养殖后,性腺可以成熟并排卵[32]。Chino等[35]通过耳石微化学分析,发现鳗鲡的性体指数与平均Sr∶Ca比呈显著负相关关系,表明在鳗鲡的生活史中,其性腺发育与栖息水体环境的盐度有关。

随着性腺的发育,鳗鲡的肝脏会对营养物质进行累积,合成卵母细胞发育所需的卵黄蛋白原[36];同时消化道会发生退化以给性腺足够的空间进行增长[37]。大量研究表明,鳗鲡的性体指数(GSI)、肝脏指数(LI)和卵母细胞直径(OD)随着性腺的发育均显著增加,消化道指数(DTI)随着性腺的发育显著降低[8,38]。本研究发现,从盐度0~35依次驯化至90 d时,静水组雌鳗的GSI、LI和OD均随盐度的升高显著增加,表明一定范围内盐度的升高能促进鳗鲡的性腺发育。整个盐度驯化过程中,静水组雌鳗的DTI较淡水对照组无显著变化,表明消化道未发生显著退化。分析认为,尽管雌鳗的GSI在盐度驯化过程中显著升高,但幅度较小,初始为(1.07±0.22)%,最高达(1.65±0.14)%,而在产卵场鳗鲡的性体指数最高可达47.8%[39-40]。分析认为,为了给性腺的发育提供更大的空间,消化道的显著退化可能发生在性腺呈极显著增长的时期。

张洁明等[41]研究发现,在鳗鲡降海洄游初期,鳗鲡性腺大多处于单层滤泡期和脂肪泡出现期。这与本研究中雌鳗在淡水对照组(盐度0)时的性腺发育时期一致(图1a)。张森[8]使用恒定的淡水、1/4海水、1/2海水和全海水(盐度约28)对鳗鲡养殖9周,发现雌鳗在盐度14和28最多能发育到脂肪泡时期。本研究中,尽管静水组雌鳗的卵母细胞直径在盐度驯化中随盐度增加呈上升趋势,但卵母细胞的发育时相一直停留在脂肪泡时期(图1d-f)。同时,尽管在盐度15驯化30 d 后,日本鳗鲡性腺早期发育所需的卵泡刺激素(FSH)含量比初始淡水组显著升高,但与后续各盐度驯化下的FSH含量均无显著性差异;促进雌鳗性腺晚期发育的黄体生成素(LH)在各盐度驯化阶段也均无显著性变化。据此分析,盐度作为单一因子不足以使雌鳗的卵母细胞进一步发育至后续时期。

3.3 水流对雌性鳗鲡性腺发育及促性腺激素的影响

长距离洄游的鱼类通常以最适的速度运动[42],受洄游时间的影响,需尽早到达产卵场以提高繁殖成功率[43-44]。研究发现,欧洲鳗鲡(Anguilla anguilla)在产卵洄游过程中游泳速度为5~89 cm/s,平均速度为15.97 cm/s[45]。自然状态下的欧洲鳗鲡经过2~6周的流水刺激,卵母细胞大多由卵原细胞期进入脂肪泡期。若无流水刺激,其卵母细胞基本都处于卵原细胞期,这一结果表明,一定的流速能促进欧洲鳗鲡的性腺发育[10]。吴盟[37]也发现流水有利于星康吉鳗(Conger myriaster)的性腺发育并能提高鱼体的免疫能力。

鳗鲡作为长距离降海洄游鱼类,其洄游过程中同样经历环境中的流水刺激。Higuchi等[46]采用弹出式卫星标记测得鳗鲡在日本东部、小笠原群岛南部和产卵区的游泳速度为7.29~50.13 cm/s。本研究发现,流水组中雌鳗的性体指数(GSI)、肝脏指数(LI)和消化道指数(DTI)在整个盐度驯化过程中的变化趋势与静水组一致,且与在同一驯化盐度下的静水组均无显著性差异。不同的是,流水组的卵母细胞直径(OD)显著高于同一驯化盐度下的静水组,且在盐度35驯化30 d后,流水组雌鳗的卵母细胞由前期的脂肪泡时期进入了初级卵黄球时期(图1j)。这表明流水刺激能够起到加速卵母细胞发育的作用。同时,在盐度35驯化30 d后,流水组中的卵泡刺激素(FSH)相较于前期的各盐度驯化阶段呈显著上升,且显著高于同一盐度驯化下的静水组。进一步说明水流可以通过刺激雌鳗FSH的分泌从而促进卵母细胞卵黄球的累积。这与以往研究中FSH刺激性类固醇激素的合成,从而促进肝脏合成卵黄生成素(VTG),使卵黄在卵母细胞中大量累积的结果一致[47-48]。柳凌等[49]研究发现,鳗鲡的游动能促进肌肉中的脂肪酸转为性腺发育所需要的脂肪酸,但流水促进鳗鲡性腺发育的机制是通过其运动消耗骨骼肌的脂肪或是刺激其他器官所导致还有待进一步研究。

4 结论

对淡水养殖的雌鳗进行盐度驯化后,雌鳗的形态学及性腺发育相关指标大多数发生了显著变化,表明盐度是雌性鳗鲡性腺发育的重要启动因子。在同一驯化盐度下,流水组中雌鳗的卵母细胞发育比静水组更快,卵母细胞直径也更大,在盐度35中驯化后卵泡刺激素合成更多,表明流水刺激能加速卵母细胞的早期发育。研究结果为后续开展日本鳗鲡繁殖生物学研究提供了基础资料和参考。

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