The rapid development of China’s aquaculture industry is inseparable from the development and promotion of the facility aquaculture industry, which is also an important guarantee for the development of environmentally friendly aquaculture in China. To fully grasp the development trend of the facility aquaculture industry, the overall situation of global patents, patented technology life cycles, patent technology field, innovative entities, and key patents was analyzed using bibliometric methods. Patent application data were used for analysis, and the retrieval time was December 8, 2020, on the PatSnap platform, based on the keywords and international patent classification (IPC) numbers. Invention patents were the main patent type (56.61%). The number of patent applications in China was the largest, accounting for 79.49% globally, followed by Japan (6.42%), Korea (4.82%), and the United States (3.03%). However, the number and layout of core patents were relatively small in China and were mainly dominated by the United States, Israel, Australia, the Netherlands, and other countries. At present, the research and development of patented technologies in the field of facility aquaculture are in a phase of rapid development. China entered this rapid development stage in 2011. During this time, the number of patent applications by enterprises has increased rapidly and has significantly exceeded those submitted by scientific research organizations, including universities and scientific research institutes. Thus, enterprises have become the most important innovation entity in the field of facility aquaculture in China. The main innovation entities in other countries and regions globally have been dominated by “enterprises”, and the main patent applicants in the past two decades have also been “enterprises”. Technical research and development in the field of facility aquaculture in China is mainly concentrated in A01K63 (containers for live fish, such as aquarium tanks) and A01K61 (aquaculture of, for example, fish, mussels, crickets, lobster, sponges, and pearls), which account for 28.96% and 28.69% of patent applications, respectively. In other countries and regions, A01K61 (52.28%) was the main technical field, followed by A01K63 (36.64%). These two technical fields are current global technological hotspots. This study showed that the development and innovation of China’s facility aquaculture patent technology has promoted the development of China’s facility aquaculture industry. Enterprises have become the main subject of innovation. The innovation of China’s facility aquaculture patent technology has gradually been effectively integrated into the market, which will have a beneficial impact on the industrialization of China’s facility aquaculture. In the future, we should attach great importance to the innovative research and development of patented technologies in this field and track high-quality patents in a timely manner. Furthermore, we should strengthen the patent layout of core technologies on a global scale and occupy the core advantage area of the global facility aquaculture industry. Through the above analysis, we have elucidated the development status and existing shortcomings of our country’s facility aquaculture technology, which is a reference for the development of our country’s facility aquaculture in the future.