To understand the spatial pattern of fish communities in the adjacent waters of the Changshan Islands in spring and autumn, the spatial structure of fish communities and its relationship with environmental factors in spring and autumn were examined using multivariate statistical analysis, including cluster analysis and MDS, based on data collected from surveys in October 2016 and May 2017. There were 66 species of fish captured in this sea area, belonging to 58 genera, 33 families, and 11 orders, including 46 species in spring and 52 species in autumn, all of which were dominated by Perciformes. The dominant species of fish communities in spring were Enedrias fangi, Lophius litulon, and Thryssa kammalensis. The fish community in spring was divided into two station groups. Station group I was located to the west of the Changshan Islands, and station group II was located in the Changshan Islands and its eastern waters. The bottom water temperature was the main environmental factor affecting the spatial structure of the fish community in spring. The main typifying species in each station group, such as Lophius litulon and Thryssa kammalensis, had apparently different spatial distribution patterns. The dominant species of fish communities in autumn were Chelidonichthys spinosus, Lophius litulon, and Paralichthys olivaceus. The fish community in autumn was divided into two station groups. Station group I was located in the eastern and western waters off the Changshan Islands, and station group was distributed around the Changshan Ⅱ Islands. Water depth and bottom water temperature were the main environmental factors affecting the spatial structure of the fish community in autumn. The main typifying species, such as Lophius litulon, Paralichthys olivaceus, and Sebastes schlegelii, were mainly distributed around the Changshan Islands. In summary, driven by water temperature, the spatial distribution of typifying species in fish communities during spring was different, and the spatial structure of fish communities showed strong heterogeneity. The spatial pattern of the fish community showed two station groups that are around and off the islands because of the difference in spatial distributions of the main typifying species in autumn.