This study aimed to explore the effects of different feeding modes on the growth, digestive enzymes, body composition, and aquaculture water quality of in pond polyculture. Three experimental groups were fed chilled feed (Diet 1 group), an artificial diet (Diet 3 group), or a 1:1 mixture of the chilled feed and artificial diet (Diet 2 group). Each experimental group contained 3 replicates, and the experimental period was 45 days. The body weight of and the water quality factors were measured and analyzed every 5 days. At the end of the experiment, samples were collected to analyze the digestive enzymes and body composition. The results are as follows:(1) After 30 days, the body weight of in Diet 2 group was significantly higher than in the Diet 1 and Diet 3 groups (<0.05), but the Diet 1 and Diet 3 groups did not differ significantly (>0.05). The weight gain rate and specific growth rate gradually decreased throughout the experiment. (2) The protein level in the feed gradually decreased from Diet 1 group to Diet 3 group, while the protease activity of gradually decreased and the amylase activity gradually increased. There were no differences in the lipase activity among the experimental groups (>0.05). (3) Diet 2 group had the highest contents of crude protein, followed by Diet 1 group, and then Diet 3 group. The crude protein contents in Diet 2 group were significantly higher than Diet 3 group (>0.05). The water contents in Diet 2 group were significantly lower than in the Diet 1 and Diet 3 groups (<0.05). There were no significant differences in the crude fat or ash contents (>0.05). (4) As the experiment progressed, chemical oxygen demand (COD), ammonia nitrogen, nitrite, nitrate, inorganic nitrogen, and inorganic phosphorus levels in the aquaculture water increased. At the end of the experiment, the water quality indicators were in the order of Diet 1 group > Diet 2 group > Diet 3 group. Together, these results suggest that mixed feeding (chilled feed + artificial diet) was beneficial to the growth, digestion, and protein accumulation of but polluted the aquaculture water to some extent. Thus, the development of an environment-friendly artificial diet is still preferred.