中国水产科学  2023, Vol. 30 Issue (02): 206-217  DOI: 10.12264/JFSC2022-0344
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引用本文 

周东来, 刘凡, 杨琼, 李庆荣, 邢东旭, 汪福保, 马艳平, 邹宇晓, 廖森泰, 邝哲师. 桑叶水提物对鳜生长、脂质代谢、抗氧化能力和肝脏肠道健康的影响[J]. 中国水产科学, 2023, 30(2): 206-217. DOI: 10.12264/JFSC2022-0344.
ZHOU Donglai, LIU Fan, YANG Qiong, LI Qingrong, XING Dongxu, WANG Fubao, MA Yanping, ZOU Yuxiao, LIAO Sentai, KUANG Zheshi. Effects of mulberry leaf water extract on growth, lipid metabolism, antioxidant capacity, and liver and intestinal health of Siniperca chuatsi[J]. Journal of Fishery Sciences of China, 2023, 30(2): 206-217. DOI: 10.12264/JFSC2022-0344.

基金项目

国家自然科学基金青年基金项目(32000193);广东省农业科学院协同创新中心项目(XT202234,XT202304);广州市基础与应用基础研究项目(202201010474);广东省农业科学院创新基金项目(202113);佛山市财政专项资金-2022年高水平广东省农业科技示范市建设项目;广东省农业科学院农业优势产业学科团队建设项目(202119TD).

作者简介

周东来(1989‒),男,博士,助理研究员,研究方向为水产健康养殖和蚕桑资源综合利用. E-mail:zhoudonglai.2007@163.com

通信作者

通信作者:邝哲师,研究员,研究方向为农业微生物和发酵饲料. E-mail:kzs1234@163.com

文章历史

收稿日期:2022-11-01
修改日期:2022-11-28
桑叶水提物对鳜生长、脂质代谢、抗氧化能力和肝脏肠道健康的影响
周东来1,刘凡1,杨琼1,李庆荣1,邢东旭1,汪福保2,马艳平3,邹宇晓1,廖森泰1,邝哲师1,     
1. 广东省农业科学院蚕业与农产品加工研究所,广东省农产品加工重点实验室,广东 广州 510610
2. 佛山市南海区杰大饲料有限公司,广东 佛山 528211
3. 广东省农业科学院动物卫生研究所,广东 广州 510640
摘要:本研究旨在探究饲料中添加不同浓度桑叶水提物(MLWE)对鳜(Siniperca chuatsi)生长性能、脂质代谢、抗氧化性能、肝脏和肠道组织形态的影响。选择经过驯化后的鳜(42.35±0.07)g 540尾,随机分成4组,每组3个重复,每个重复45尾鱼,在基础配合饲料中分别添加0%(对照组)、0.1%、0.2%和0.5%的MLWE,实验周期为72 d。结果显示:1)与对照组相比,饲料中添加0.1%~0.5%的MLWE不影响鳜的增重率、特定生长率、饲料系数、成活率、脏体指数、肝体指数、肠体指数和肥满度(P>0.05); 2)与对照组相比,饲料中添加0.1%的MLWE能够显著降低鳜血清中总胆固醇(T-CHO)和低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C)的含量(P<0.05),添加0.2%的MLWE能够显著降低鳜血清中T-CHO、LDL-C和高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDL-C)的含量(P<0.05),添加0.5%的MLWE能够显著降低鳜血清中LDL-C和HDL-C的含量(P<0.05); 3)与对照组相比,在饲料中添加0.1%和0.2%的MLWE能够显著提高鳜血清超氧化物歧化酶(T-SOD)的活性(P<0.05),添加0.5%的MLWE能够显著提高鳜还原性谷胱甘肽(GSH)的含量以及过氧化氢酶(CAT)和T-SOD的活性(P<0.05); 4)与对照组相比,饲料中添加MLWE后,鳜肠道褶皱增多,绒毛数量增加,当MLWE添加浓度为0.5%时,绒毛高度显著高于对照组(P<0.05)。此外,饲料中添加0.1%~0.5%的MLWE都能够改善肝细胞空泡化现象。综上所述,在鳜配合饲料中添加0.1%~0.5%的MLWE不影响鳜的生长性能,但添加适量的MLWE能够提高鳜血清抗氧化能力,改善鳜脂质代谢、肝脏和肠道健康,鳜配合饲料中MLWE的最适添加量为0.5%。
关键词    桑叶水提物    生长性能    脂质代谢    抗氧化能力    组织形态    
Effects of mulberry leaf water extract on growth, lipid metabolism, antioxidant capacity, and liver and intestinal health of Siniperca chuatsi
ZHOU Donglai1,LIU Fan1,YANG Qiong1,LI Qingrong1,XING Dongxu1,WANG Fubao2,MA Yanping3,ZOU Yuxiao1,LIAO Sentai1,KUANG Zheshi,1    
1. Sericultural & Agri-Food Research Institute, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences; Guangdong Key Laboratory of Agricultural Products Processing, Guangzhou 510610, China
2. Foshan Nanhai Jieda Feed Co., Ltd., Foshan 528211, China
3. Institute of Animal Health, Guangdong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Guangzhou 510640, China
Abstract:We investigated the effects of different concentrations of mulberry leaf water extract (MLWE) on growth performance, lipid metabolism, antioxidant capacity, and liver and intestinal histomorphology of Siniperca chuatsi. A total of 540 domesticated Siniperca chuatsi (42.35±0.07 g were randomly divided into four groups with triplicates per group and 45 fish per replicate. Fish in the four groups were fed with basal diets supplemented with 0% (control group), 0.1%, 0.2%, and 0.5% MLWE. The experiment was carried out for 72 days. The results were as follows: (1) Compared with the control group, no significant differences were observed in weight gain rate, specific growth rate, feed conversion ratio, survival rate, viscera somatic index, hepatopancreas somatic index, viscerosomatic index, and condition factor of Siniperca chuatsi among all groups (P>0.05). (2) Compared with the control group, the contents of T-CHO and LDL-C in the serum of Siniperca chuatsi were significantly reduced in the 0.1% MLWE supplementation group (P<0.05), and those of T-CHO, LDL-C, and HDL-C were significantly reduced in the serum of the 0.2% MLWE supplementation group (P<0.05). Additionally, adding 0.5% MLWE could significantly reduce the LDL-C and HDL-C contents in the serum of Siniperca chuatsi (P<0.05). (3) Compared with the control group, the activity of T-SOD in the serum of Siniperca chuatsi was significantly increased with the supplementation of 0.1% and 0.2% MLWE (P<0.05), and the content of reduced GSH and the activities of CAT and T-SOD were significantly increased in the 0.5% MLWE supplementation group (P<0.05). (4) Compared with the control group, the intestinal folds and villus number of Siniperca chuatsi were increased with the supplementation of MLWE, and the villus height was significantly higher than that of the control group when the concentration of MLWE was 0.5% (P<0.05). In addition, supplementation of 0.1%–0.5% MLWE could improve the vacuolation of the hepatocyte. In summary, all results suggest that dietary MLWE does not affect the growth performance of Siniperca chuatsi, but can enhance the serum antioxidant capacity and improve the lipid metabolism and liver and intestinal health of Siniperca chuatsi. According to the results of this experiment, the optimal supplemental level of MLWE in the compound feed of Siniperca chuatsi is 0.5%.
Key words Siniperca chuatsi     mulberry leaf water extract    growth performance    lipid metabolism    antioxidant capacity    histomorphology    

鳜(Siniperca chuatsi)俗称桂花鱼,是属于鲈形目、真鲈科、鳜属的名贵淡水经济鱼类。鳜味道鲜美、无肌间刺、营养丰富且胆固醇含量低,具有很高的经济和营养价值。自从鳜人工繁殖技术取得突破后,鳜的养殖面积和产量迅速提高,据统计,2020年我国鳜养殖总产量达到3.77×105 t,但目前主要以饵料鱼投喂为主。利用饵料鱼投喂不仅造成渔业资源浪费,而且存在病害交叉感染的风险。随着鳜摄食机理的解析、驯化技术的进步以及配合饲料配方的不断优化,目前已经初步实现了鳜配合饲料养殖[1-3]。但在配合饲料养殖过程中,由于饲料营养不均衡、养殖密度高等原因,导致鳜免疫力下降,病害频发,肝脏和肠道健康也面临威胁。因此,只有不断优化饲料配方,解决上述问题才能使配合饲料在鳜养殖中得到推广使用。目前,在饲料中添加中草药来预防疾病、提高水产动物免疫力和改善肝肠健康已成为一种趋势[4-8]

桑树(Morus alba L.)为桑科桑属多年生木本植物,具有适应性强、产量高、营养丰富等特点,在我国广泛种植[9]。桑树是卫生部公布的药食两用植物之一,被广泛用作食品和中草药原料[10-11]。桑叶中因富含生物碱、黄酮、多糖、多酚等天然活性物质[11-12],具有抗菌[13]、抗氧化[14]、抗病毒[15]、降血糖[16]、降血脂[17]和抗炎[18]等多种功效,是一种良好的饲料原料。但由于桑叶中含有单宁、植物凝集素等抗营养因子,且具有涩味,直接添加至饲料中会降低动物采食量,影响生长,限制了桑叶在饲料中的应用[19]。但通过提取可有效保留桑叶中的活性成分,同时去除抗营养因子。

桑叶水提物(mulberry leaf water extract, MLWE)是由晒干粉碎后的桑叶粉经过水溶剂加热提取后得到的混合物,含有桑叶多糖、桑叶黄酮等多种活性成分[20]。目前对桑叶提取物的研究主要集中在提取工艺[21]、药理活性[22]、临床应用[23]、功能成分分析[11]等方面,在水产养殖中的应用研究较少。Li等[24]研究发现,日粮中添加桑叶提取物可改善大鲵(Andrias davidianus)的生长性能,提高饲料利用率,改善肠道和肝脏的抗氧化能力。同样,在饲料中添加桑叶黄酮不影响凡纳滨对虾的生长性能和体成分,但显著提高凡纳滨对虾的抗氧化能力,而且可以促进肠道发育,提高肠道菌群多样性[25-26]。在饲料中添加桑叶黄酮也不影响吉富罗非鱼的生长性能,但显著提高血清和肝脏的抗氧化能力,增强吉富罗非鱼抗亚硝酸盐应激的能力[27]。另外,在饲粮中添加5 g/kg的白桑叶提取物可提高尼罗罗非鱼的免疫和抗氧化能力,增强对嗜水气单胞菌的防御能力[28]。目前,没有在鳜饲料中添加桑叶提取物的研究报道。因此,本研究旨在研究3种不同MLWE添加水平对鳜生长、脂质代谢、抗氧化能力、肝脏和肠道组织形态的影响,以期为桑叶水提物在鳜饲料中的合理应用提供依据。

1 材料与方法 1.1 桑叶水提物的提取工艺 1.1.1 样品预处理

将采摘的新鲜桑叶洗净晒干后粉碎,通过60目筛网得到桑叶粉。将桑叶粉装入烧瓶中,加入20倍体积的石油醚,静置过夜,然后60 ℃水浴回流处理2 h,过滤后弃滤液,将滤渣风干后备用。

1.1.2 桑叶水提物提取工艺

称取一定量预处理过的桑叶粉,置于烧瓶中,加入30倍体积的蒸馏水,100 ℃水浴回流提取60 min,过滤得到过滤液,滤渣加入30倍体积的蒸馏水后继续进行回流提取,重复提取2次。将3次过滤液合并后进行减压浓缩和冷冻干燥,得到桑叶水提物粉末(其中,桑叶多糖含量为352.18 mg/g;桑叶黄酮含量为41.91 mg/g), 4 ℃保存备用。

1.2 实验饲料

以鱼粉、豆粕等为蛋白源,以鱼油、豆油等为脂肪源,配制鳜基础配合饲料。在基础配合饲料中分别添加0、0.1%、0.2%和0.5%的桑叶水提物,制成4组等氮等脂膨化饲料。饲料配方及营养水平如表1所示。膨化饲料制备方法如下:按表1中的饲料配方称取各原料后混合均匀,用超微粉碎机进行粉碎,通过250 μm的筛网进行过滤;将混合均匀的原料移入调制解调器,通入102 ℃的水蒸气调制8 min,在95 ℃的温度下利用双螺杆挤压膨化机(DCSP96×2-110KW)进行挤压膨化制粒,饲料直径为2.5 mm,长度为5 mm;在80 ℃条件下将饲料颗粒烘干,饲料由佛山市南海区杰大饲料有限公司(佛山)代加工。制备好的饲料分装后储存于4 ℃冰箱备用。

1.3 饲养管理

养殖试验在佛山市南海区杰大饲料有限公司养殖基地内的室内循环水养殖系统中进行,养殖系统由12个养殖桶(有效体积为400 L)和1个过滤系统组成,养殖水源为经过过滤、消毒、曝气处理后的自来水。试验所用翘嘴鳜苗购自佛山市三水区合洋水产有限公司,能够正常采食配合饲料。先用基础膨化饲料试养14 d,然后选择体质健壮、大小均匀的鳜苗(42.35±0.07) g 540尾,随机分成4组,每组3个重复,每个重复45尾鱼,开始正式实验,实验周期为72 d,日投饲率为体重的2%~3%,每天8:30~9:00、16:00~16:30各投喂1次,将投喂后半个小时内未吃完的饲料捞出后烘干称重,准确记录每次投喂后鳜吃料重量。实验期间严格记录死鱼数量和重量,养殖结束后称量鱼的总重量,用于终末体均重、增重率、特定生长率、饲料系数和成活率的统计分析。实验期间控制养殖水温为25~30 ℃,溶解氧为6.0~8.5 mg/L, pH为7.2~8.0,氨氮浓度≤0.10 mg/L,亚硝酸盐氮浓度≤0.05 mg/L。

表1  实验饲料组成及营养水平(风干基础) Tab. 1  Composition and nutrient levels of feeds (DM basis) %
1.4 样品采集与制备

采集样品前,先对试验鳜禁食24 h,然后每个养殖桶随机取5尾鱼(每个组共15尾),用MS-222麻醉后,测量体长和体重,用注射器进行尾部静脉采血,将血液室温静置2 h,然后在4 ℃条件下3000 r/min离心10 min,取上层血清保存于–20 ℃冰箱,用于血清脂质指标、抗氧化指标和酶活性测定。然后将鳜进行解剖,并分别测定内脏、肝胰脏和肠道的重量,用于脏体指数、肝体指数、肠体指数和肥满度的统计分析。另外,每个组随机取9尾鱼(每个桶3尾),分离肠道,去除肠道表面脂肪,分别取长度约1 cm的中肠,用3%多聚甲醛固定液固定,用于石蜡组织切片;分离出肝脏,在相同部位切取约0.5 cm3的肝脏,用3%多聚甲醛固定液固定,用于石蜡组织切片。

1.5 指标测定 1.5.1 生长及形体指标测定

根据实验统计数据,参照文献实验方法[29]进行生长指标和形体指标的测定,计算公式如下:

增重率(weight gain rate, WGR, %)=(WtW0)/W0× 100%;

肥满度(condition factor, CF, g/cm3)=Wt/L3× 100;

特定生长率(specific growth rate, SGR, %/d)= (lnWt−lnW0)/t×100%;

脏体指数(viscera somatic index, VSI, %)= Wv/Wt×100%;

肝体指数(hepatopancreas somatic index, HSI, %)= Wh/Wt×100%;

肠体指数(viserosomatic index, VI, %)=Wi/Wt× 100%;

饲料系数(feed conversion ratio, FCR)= F/(WtW0);

存活率(survival rate, SR, %)=Nt/N0×100%。

式中,WtW0分别为实验鱼的终末体重和初始体重(g), t为养殖实验天数(d), F为饲料摄入量(g), N0Nt分别为实验开始和结束时实验鱼的尾数(尾), L为鱼体长(cm), Wv为内脏重量(g), Wh为肝胰脏重量(g), Wi为肠道重量(g)。

1.5.2 脂质代谢指标测定

血清甘油三酯(TG)、总胆固醇(T-CHO)、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDL-C)和低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C)等指标均采用南京建成生物工程研究所试剂盒进行测定,具体测定方法参照试剂盒所附说明书。

1.5.3 抗氧化指标测定

采用南京建成生物工程研究所的试剂盒分别对血清总抗氧化能力(T-AOC)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)、超氧化物歧化酶(T-SOD)和还原性谷胱甘肽(GSH)等抗氧化指标进行测定,具体的测定方法参照每个试剂盒的说明书进行。

1.5.4 肠道和肝脏组织切片的制备及观察

将多聚甲醛溶液固定好的肠道和肝脏组织进行石蜡包埋,制作石蜡切片,切片厚度为6 μm,用苏木素-伊红(HE)染色。采用全景切片数字扫描仪(PANNORAMIC-1000, 3DHISTECH)对切片进行扫描拍照,利用CaseViewer2.2 (3DHISTECH)软件截取切片组织照片,然后使用Image-Pro Plus 6.0 (Media Cybemetics)分析软件分别测量肠绒毛高度、绒毛宽度和肌层厚度,每个切片分别测量5组数值。

1.6 数据处理和统计分析

试验结果均用平均数±标准差($\bar{x}\pm \text{SD}$)进行展示,差异显著性分析采用SPSS 26.0软件中的单因素方差分析(one-way ANOVA)和Duncan氏多重比较检验进行比较分析,P<0.05表示差异显著。

2 结果与分析 2.1 桑叶水提物对鳜生长性能的影响

经过72 d养殖试验后,桑叶水提物对各组鳜生长性能的影响见表2。与对照组相比,在饲料中添加0.1%、0.2%和0.5%的桑叶水提物不影响鳜的终末体均重、增重率、特定生长率、饲料系数和成活率(P>0.05)。

表2  桑叶水提物对鳜生长性能的影响 Tab 2  Effects of MLWE on growth performance of Siniperca chuatsi n=3; $\bar{x}\pm \text{SD}$
2.2 桑叶水提物对鳜形体指标的影响

与对照组相比,饲料中添加0.1%、0.2%和0.5%的桑叶水提物对鳜的脏体指数、肝体指数、肠体指数和肥满度都没有显著影响(P>0.05),但随着桑叶水提物添加量增加,鳜脏体指数和肥满度逐渐降低(表3)。

表3  桑叶水提物对鳜形体指标的影响 Tab. 3  Effects of MLWE on body profile indexes of Siniperca chuatsi n=3; $\bar{x}\pm \text{SD}$
2.3 桑叶水提物对鳜血清脂质代谢指标的影响

与对照组相比,在饲料中添加0.1%的桑叶水提物能够显著降低鳜血清中总胆固醇(T-CHO)和低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL-C)的含量(P<0.05),但对甘油三酯(TG)和高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDL-C)的含量没有显著影响(P>0.05);在饲料中添加0.2%的桑叶水提物能够显著降低鳜血清中的T-CHO、LDL-C和HDL-C的含量(P<0.05),但对TG的含量没有显著影响(P>0.05);在饲料中添加0.5%的桑叶水提物能够显著降低鳜血清中LDL-C和HDL-C的含量(P<0.05),但对TG和T-CHO的含量没有显著影响(P>0.05)(表4)。

表4  桑叶水提物对鳜血清脂质代谢指标的影响 Tab. 4  Effects of MLWE on serum lipid metabolism indexes of Siniperca chuatsi n=3; $\bar{x}\pm \text{SD}$
2.4 桑叶水提物对鳜血清抗氧化能力的影响

与对照组相比,在饲料中添加0.1%和0.2%的桑叶水提物能够显著提高鳜血清超氧化物歧化酶(T-SOD)的活性(P<0.05),但对总抗氧化能力(T-AOC)、还原性谷胱甘肽(GSH)的含量和过氧化氢酶(CAT)的活性没有显著影响(P>0.05);在饲料中添加0.5%的桑叶水提物能够显著提高鳜血清GSH的含量以及CAT和SOD的活性(P<0.05),但对T-AOC的含量没有显著影响(P>0.05)(表5)。

2.5 桑叶水提物对鳜肠道和肝脏组织结构的影响

鳜肠道组织结构如图1所示,对照组鳜肠道黏膜组织清晰,结构完整,排列有序,无混乱、脱落现象。添加MLWE后,鳜肠道褶皱增多,绒毛数量增加,但肌层厚度变薄。

进一步统计分析发现,当MLWE添加浓度为0.5%时,绒毛长度显著高于对照组(P<0.05);各MLWE添加组肌层厚度都显著低于对照组(P<0.05);而各组之间绒毛宽度无显著差异(P>0.05)(表6)。

各组鳜肝脏组织切片如图2所示,用基础配合饲料(对照组)饲喂的鳜肝细胞有空泡化现象,肝细胞内有少量脂肪堆积,但肝细胞排列较整齐,细胞核和细胞膜界限清晰。饲料中添加0.1%、0.2%和0.5%的MLWE后都能够改善肝细胞空泡化现象,细胞形态正常,细胞核等结构清晰,无细胞空泡化和细胞核偏移聚集现象。

3 讨论 3.1 饲料中添加桑叶水提物对鳜生长性能的影响

桑叶作为饲料原料在畜禽、水产中有较多研究报道[30-31],但桑叶提取物在水产养殖中的应用研究较少,对水产动物生长性能的影响也各不相同。在对凡纳滨对虾的研究中发现,日粮中添加10~300 mg/kg的桑叶黄酮对凡纳滨对虾的生长性能和体成分没有显著影响[26]。同样,在日粮中添加50~1000 mg/kg的桑叶黄酮对吉富罗非鱼的生长性能也没有显著影响[27]。但在大鲵的研究中发现,日粮中添加适量的桑叶提取物可改善大鲵的生长性能,终末体均重、增重率和特定生长率随着桑叶提取物添加浓度的增加而提高,最适添加量为9.0 g/kg[24]。在鲫的研究中也发现,日粮中添加15~60 g/kg的桑叶提取物可显著促进鲫的生长,最适添加量为46.93 g/kg,超过101.06 g/kg后会抑制鲫的生长[32]。本实验结果表明,在日粮中添加0.1%~0.5%的桑叶水提物不影响鳜的生长性能,这与桑叶提取物在凡纳滨对虾和吉富罗非鱼中的研究结论一致。现有的研究表明,较高浓度的桑叶提取物可以促进部分水产动物的生长,但不同水产动物对桑叶提取物的耐受程度可能不同,未来可以提高或者降低桑叶水提物在饲料中的添加比例,探究其是否能提高鳜的生长性能,为桑叶水提物在鳜养殖中的合理应用提供参考依据。目前,桑叶提取物促进水产动物生长的作用机制仍不清楚[33-34],桑叶提取物促生长机制需进一步深入研究。

表5  桑叶水提物对鳜血清抗氧化指标的影响 Tab. 5  Effects of MLWE on serum antioxidant indexes of Siniperca chuatsi n=3; $\bar{x}\pm \text{SD}$
图1  桑叶水提物对鳜肠道组织形态的影响(HE染色)a和e. 0.0% MLWE, b和f. 0.1% MLWE, c和g. 0.2% MLWE, d和h. 0.5% MLWE. Fig. 1  Effects of MLWE on intestinal histomorphology of Siniperca chuatsi (HE staining)a and e. 0.0% MLWE, b and f. 0.1% MLWE, c and g. 0.2% MLWE, d and h. 0.5% MLWE.
表6  桑叶水提物对鳜肠道绒毛长度、绒毛宽度和肌层厚度的影响 Tab 6  Effects of MLWE on intestinal villus length, villus width and muscular thickness of Siniperca chuatsi n=3; $\bar{x}\pm \text{SD}$; μm

鳜饲料驯化养殖已有30余年,但目前鳜人工养殖仍然以饵料鱼投喂为主。随着鳜摄食机理的解析,初步探索出了鳜苗种饲料驯化技术、配套饲料研发技术与人工饲养技术,已经实现了鳜配合饲料养殖[1-3]。但由于鳜在人工饲料驯化养殖过程中需要维持较高的养殖密度,目前的饲料配方营养还不够均衡等原因,会导致鳜免疫力下降、肝脏受损等问题,影响了鳜的成活率和增重率。本研究中,对照组鳜肝脏细胞有明显的空泡化现象,而通过添加桑叶水提物能够明显改善肝细胞空泡化现象。因此,需要进一步优化饲料配方和探索合适的养殖密度,提高鳜的成活率和生长速率,使配合饲料在鳜养殖中得到推广使用。

图2  桑叶水提物对鳜肝脏组织形态的影响(HE染色)a. 0.0% MLWE, b. 0.1% MLWE, c. 0.2% MLWE, d. 0.5% MLWE. Fig. 2  Effects of MLWE on hepatic histology of Siniperca chuatsi (HE staining)a. 0.0% MLWE, b. 0.1% MLWE, c. 0.2% MLWE, d. 0.5% MLWE.
3.2 饲料中添加桑叶水提物对鳜血清脂质代谢指标的影响

目前,关于桑叶或桑叶黄酮的降脂功能有一些研究报道[12,35]。在湘西杂交育肥黄牛中研究发现,利用发酵桑叶饲喂的黄牛血清TG含量相对稳定,试验组黄牛血清T-CHO含量均低于对照组[36]。同样,在高脂饲料中添加15%的发酵桑叶能显著降低杂交鳢血清T-CHO和TG的含量[37]。在罗非鱼中发现,发酵桑叶低剂量组和高剂量组罗非鱼血清T-CHO、LDL-C和HDL-C含量都显著低于模型对照组[38]。在饲料中添加发酵桑叶可显著降低大口黑鲈的血脂含量[39]。桑叶提取物也发现具有改善血脂代谢功能。例如,在母鸡饲粮中添加桑叶黄酮可降低血清T-CHO和LDL-C水平,提高HDL-C浓度,但对TG含量没有显著影响[40]。桑叶提取物能显著降低大鲵血浆中T-CHO和TG的含量[24]。在本研究中,饲料中添加0.1%~0.5%的桑叶水提物都能够不同程度改善鳜血清脂质代谢指标,尤其是显著降低LDL-C的含量。推测可能是通过桑叶水提物中的桑叶黄酮发挥降血脂功能,但具体起作用的活性物质和作用机制有待进一步深入探究。

3.3 饲料中添加桑叶水提物对鳜血清抗氧化能力的影响

鱼在生长过程中受到刺激会产生氧化应激,使鱼体内的代谢发生紊乱,不仅影响鱼的生长速度,而且会导致鱼的品质下降[41]。为了应对氧化应激,水生动物在进化过程中形成了一套抗氧化系统,包括酶促抗氧化系统和非酶促抗氧化系统。其中,T-AOC、T-SOD和CAT等为主要的酶促抗氧化系统。T-SOD通过催化歧化反应将超氧阴离子转化成H2O2和O2,从而消除活性氧自由基对机体的毒害作用,而CAT通过催化过氧化氢分解来保护细胞免受氧化损伤[42]。GSH作为最重要的非酶促抗氧化物,具有清除自由基、H2O2等功能。一些研究表明,桑叶提取物具有抗氧化作用。例如在小鼠基础饲粮中添加1200 mg/L的桑叶水溶物或粗提物都能够提高小鼠血清GSH-Px和T-SOD的活性,增强抗氧化功能,其中具有抗氧化功能的成分主要是水溶性的,主要成分为黄酮和多糖类化合物[43]。同样,在蛋鸡研究中发现,桑枝叶提取物不同程度提高了蛋鸡血清T-AOC、GSH-Px和T-SOD的活性[44]。在大鲵中研究发现桑叶提取物能够显著提高大鲵肝脏T-AOC和T-SOD的活性[45]。同样,饲粮中添加5 g/kg的白桑叶提取物可提高尼罗罗非鱼血清T-SOD和CAT活性,增强其抗氧化能力[28]。本研究中,在饲料中添加0.1%和0.2%的桑叶水提物能够显著提高鳜血清T-SOD的活性;在饲料中添加0.5%的桑叶水提物能够显著提高鳜血清GSH的含量以及CAT和T-SOD的活性。这些结果与前人的研究结果基本一致,说明桑叶水提物能够不同程度提高鳜抗氧化能力。杨继华等[27]研究表明,桑叶黄酮显著提高了血清SOD、GSH-Px活性和T-AOC以及肝脏CAT和SOD活性。有研究表明,桑树多糖具有良好的抗氧化活性[46],在小鼠实验中发现桑椹多糖能够明显提高肝脏T-SOD、GPx和CAT的酶活性[47]。另有研究表明,尽管较高纯度的桑叶多糖仅具有很低的抗氧化活性,但将桑叶多糖与低浓度槲皮素混合后,能够使类黄酮抗氧化活性显著增强[48]。而桑叶水提物中含有大量的桑叶多糖和桑叶黄酮,因此,推测桑叶水提物可能通过桑叶多糖和桑叶黄酮的协同作用来提高鳜的抗氧化能力。

3.4 饲料中添加桑叶水提物对鳜肠道和肝脏组织形态的影响

动物主要通过肠道上皮细胞的肠绒毛来吸收营养物质,皱襞密度、绒毛高度和宽度会直接影响营养物质的吸收效率,肠道绒毛高度越高、数量越多、宽度越宽,肠道的吸收面积就越大[49]。而肠壁肌层厚度也会影响营养物质的吸收利用率[50]。冯麒凤等[51]在大鲵中研究表明,桑叶提取物能够显著增加肠黏膜绒毛数量,提高绒毛高度。王咏梅等[25]在凡纳滨对虾中也发现桑叶黄酮可以改善凡纳滨对虾的肠道结构,提高凡纳滨对虾对营养物质的消化和吸收能力。同样,在本研究中,在饲料中添加MLWE后,鳜肠道褶皱增多,绒毛数量增加,当MLWE添加浓度为0.5%时,绒毛高度显著高于对照组。推测桑叶水提物通过桑叶黄酮来改善鳜肠道健康,促进营养物质吸收。

肝脏是重要的代谢器官,肝脏组织形态能直观反映肝脏健康状况。有研究表明,桑叶提取物能改善动物肝脏健康状况。Huang等[40]在母鸡中研究发现,在日粮中添加低浓度和高浓度桑叶黄酮后肝细胞病理症状均有所缓解,炎症细胞及空泡变少。同样,在高脂高糖饲粮诱导的小鼠中,添加桑叶水提物能够改善肝细胞脂肪变性和堆积的现象[52]。在本研究中也观察到类似的实验结果,使用基础饲料饲喂的鳜肝细胞有空泡化现象,并且肝细胞内有少量脂肪堆积,而添加0.1%、0.2%和0.5%的MLWE后都能够改善肝细胞空泡化现象,同时,细胞形态正常,细胞核等结构清晰,无细胞核偏移聚集现象。推测桑叶水提物通过桑叶黄酮来改善鳜的肝脏健康,具体的作用机制有待进一步研究。

4 结论

在鳜配合饲料中添加0.1%~0.5%的桑叶水提物不影响鳜的生长性能,但能够显著改善鳜的血脂指标。此外,添加适量的MLWE能够显著提高鳜血清抗氧化能力,改善鳜的肝脏和肠道健康。根据本研究结果,鳜配合饲料中MLWE的最适宜添加水平为0.5%。

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